{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:39:02Z","timestamp":1790840342578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus infecting more than 95% of the world\u2019s population. After primary infection\u2014responsible for infectious mononucleosis in young adults\u2014the virus persists lifelong in the infected host, especially in memory B cells. Viral persistence is usually without clinical consequences, although it can lead to EBV-associated cancers such as lymphoma or carcinoma. Recent reports also suggest a link between EBV infection and multiple sclerosis. In the absence of vaccines, research efforts have focused on virological markers applicable in clinical practice for the management of patients with EBV-associated diseases. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is an EBV-associated malignancy for which serological and molecular markers are widely used in clinical practice. Measuring blood EBV DNA load is additionally, useful for preventing lymphoproliferative disorders in transplant patients, with this marker also being explored in various other EBV-associated lymphomas. New technologies based on next-generation sequencing offer the opportunity to explore other biomarkers such as the EBV DNA methylome, strain diversity, or viral miRNA. Here, we review the clinical utility of different virological markers in EBV-associated diseases. Indeed, evaluating existing or new markers in EBV-associated malignancies or immune-mediated inflammatory diseases triggered by EBV infection continues to be a challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T03:03:48Z","timestamp":1677639828000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Virological Markers in Epstein\u2013Barr Virus-Associated Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Julien","family":"Lupo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Structurale, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5075 CEA\/CNRS\/UGA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, CEDEX 09, 38043 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7991-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Truffot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Structurale, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5075 CEA\/CNRS\/UGA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, CEDEX 09, 38043 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Andreani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Structurale, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5075 CEA\/CNRS\/UGA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, CEDEX 09, 38043 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Structurale, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5075 CEA\/CNRS\/UGA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Epaulard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Structurale, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5075 CEA\/CNRS\/UGA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Service de Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, CEDEX 09, 38043 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Morand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Structurale, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5075 CEA\/CNRS\/UGA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, CEDEX 09, 38043 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00eble","family":"Germi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Structurale, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5075 CEA\/CNRS\/UGA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, CEDEX 09, 38043 Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/310207a0","article-title":"DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein\u2014Barr virus genome","volume":"310","author":"Baer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7","article-title":"Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"1","author":"Epstein","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0249-7","article-title":"Latency and lytic replication in Epstein\u2013Barr virus-associated oncogenesis","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.92","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus: More than 50 years old and still providing surprises","volume":"16","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013023","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus and Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Farrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112326","article-title":"The Immunology of Epstein-Barr Virus\u2013Induced Disease","volume":"33","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.011","article-title":"Human Viral Oncogenesis: A Cancer Hallmarks Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Mesri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-0670-3","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus and Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2015.1","article-title":"Infectious mononucleosis","volume":"4","author":"Jr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.48","article-title":"Prospective studies of infectious mononucleosis in university students","volume":"5","author":"Grimm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.03.001","article-title":"Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection","volume":"102","author":"Dunmire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1086\/428097","article-title":"Long-Term Shedding of Infectious Epstein-Barr Virus after Infectious Mononucleosis","volume":"191","author":"Morand","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161846","article-title":"Human immunity against EBV\u2014Lessons from the clinic","volume":"214","author":"Tangye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1086\/650456","article-title":"Infectious Mononucleosis in University Students in the United Kingdom: Evaluation of the Clinical Features and Consequences of the Disease","volume":"50","author":"Macsween","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01902","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr Virus and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis","volume":"8","author":"Marsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01103","article-title":"Inherited Immunodeficiencies With High Predisposition to Epstein\u2013Barr Virus-Driven Lymphoproliferative Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Latour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-017-2192-6","article-title":"How we treat chronic active Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection","volume":"105","author":"Sawada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00014","article-title":"Advances in the Study of Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection: Clinical Features under the 2016 WHO Classification and Mechanisms of Development","volume":"7","author":"Arai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2002.1022","article-title":"The Changing Epidemiology of Infectious Mononucleosis?","volume":"45","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1873-1874.2006","article-title":"Increasing Incidence of Severe Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Infectious Mononucleosis: Surveillance Study","volume":"44","author":"Tattevin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.07.015","article-title":"The high burden of hospitalizations for primary EBV infection: A 6-year prospective survey in a French hospital","volume":"21","author":"Hocqueloux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fourcade, G., Germi, R., Guerber, F., Lupo, J., Baccard, M., Seigneurin, A., Semenova, T., Morand, P., and Epaulard, O. (2017). Evolution of EBV seroprevalence and primary infection age in a French hospital and a city laboratory network, 2000\u20132016. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175574"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000201564","article-title":"Association of Infectious Mononucleosis with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Ramagopalan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa023141","article-title":"Characteristics of Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma after Infectious Mononucleosis","volume":"349","author":"Hjalgrim","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3381-3387.2004","article-title":"Routine Epstein-Barr Virus Diagnostics from the Laboratory Perspective: Still Challenging after 35 Years","volume":"42","author":"Hess","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000996","article-title":"Use of Monospot Testing in the Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis in the Collegiate Student\u2013Athlete Population","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311526","article-title":"How to use \u2026 the Monospot and other heterophile antibody tests","volume":"102","author":"Heinz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Educ. Pract. Ed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00164-09","article-title":"Evidence-Based Approach for Interpretation of Epstein-Barr Virus Serological Patterns","volume":"47","author":"Klutts","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"325","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of EBV and interpretation of the \u201cisolated VCA IgG\u201d pattern","volume":"81","author":"Agrappi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00100-12","article-title":"Performance of Two Commercially Available Automated Immunoassays for the Determination of Epstein-Barr Virus Serological Status","volume":"19","author":"Lupo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28166","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28166","article-title":"Comparison of Elecsys and Liaison immunoassays to determine Epstein\u2013Barr virus serological status using further diagnostic approaches to clarify discrepant results","volume":"95","author":"Lupo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.01.006","article-title":"Prevalence of primary versus reactivated Epstein-Barr virus infection in patients with VCA IgG-, VCA IgM- and EBNA-1-antibodies and suspected infectious mononucleosis","volume":"38","author":"Nystad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105267","article-title":"Rapid antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus correlate with reduced severity of primary infection","volume":"155","author":"Geris","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00674-15","article-title":"Kinetics of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Neutralizing and Virus-Specific Antibodies after Primary Infection with EBV","volume":"23","author":"Bu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01562-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01562-16","article-title":"High Epstein-Barr Virus Load and Genomic Diversity Are Associated with Generation of gp350-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute Infectious Mononucleosis","volume":"91","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160270","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0270","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection and nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"372","author":"Tsao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00055-0","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"387","author":"Chua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.054783","article-title":"Investigation into the Origin and Tumoral Mass Correlation of Plasma Epstein\u2013Barr Virus DNA in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","volume":"51","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12100","article-title":"Clinical utility of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and other liquid biopsy markers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"40","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1701717","article-title":"Analysis of Plasma Epstein\u2013Barr Virus DNA to Screen for Nasopharyngeal Cancer","volume":"377","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-09-672030","article-title":"The clinical significance of EBV DNA in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with or without EBV diseases","volume":"127","author":"Kanakry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28001","article-title":"Early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA analysis in a surveillance program","volume":"119","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804184115","article-title":"Sequencing-based counting and size profiling of plasma Epstein\u2013Barr virus DNA enhance population screening of nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"115","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"6878","article-title":"Molecular prognostication of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by quantitative analysis of circulating Epstein-Barr virus DNA","volume":"60","author":"Lo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"5452","article-title":"Quantitative and temporal correlation between circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA and tumor recurrence in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"59","author":"Lo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06597.x","article-title":"Plasma Cell-free Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Quantitation in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Correlation with Clinical Staging","volume":"906","author":"Lo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20520","article-title":"Laboratory markers of tumor burden in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A comparison of viral load and serologic tests for Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"112","author":"Fan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.05.064","article-title":"Relationship between pretreatment level of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA, tumor burden, and metabolic activity in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"66","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032260","article-title":"Quantification of Plasma Epstein\u2013Barr Virus DNA in Patients with Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","volume":"350","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.07.7982","article-title":"Plasma Epstein-Barr Viral Deoxyribonucleic Acid Quantitation Complements Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging Prognostication in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Leung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31741","article-title":"Proposed modifications and incorporation of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA improve the TNM staging system for Epstein-Barr virus-related nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"125","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2351","article-title":"Kinetics of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA during radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"60","author":"Lo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu117","article-title":"Plasma Epstein\u2013Barr viral DNA load at midpoint of radiotherapy course predicts outcome in advanced-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1614","article-title":"Plasma Epstein-Barr Virus DNA and Residual Disease After Radiotherapy for Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","volume":"94","author":"Chan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2010.09.001","article-title":"Different Clinical Significance of Pre- and Post-treatment Plasma Epstein\u2013Barr Virus DNA Load in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Radiotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20129","article-title":"Comparison of clinical and molecular surveillance in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma after primary therapy: The Potential Role of Quantitative Analysis of Circulating Epstein-Barr Virus DNA","volume":"100","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011610","article-title":"Serologic Markers of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Infection and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Taiwanese Men","volume":"345","author":"Chien","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-1681","article-title":"Prognostic Utility of Anti-EBV Antibody Testing for Defining NPC Risk among Individuals from High-Risk NPC Families","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1600","article-title":"Serologic Profiling Using an Epstein-Barr Virus Mammalian Expression Library Identifies EBNA1 IgA as a Prediagnostic Marker for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Paudel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2299","article-title":"High Levels of Antibody that Neutralize B-cell Infection of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus and that Bind EBV gp350 Are Associated with a Lower Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Coghill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy250","article-title":"Evaluation of Total and IgA-Specific Antibody Targeting Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein 350 and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk","volume":"218","author":"Bu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-1929","article-title":"Identification of a Novel, EBV-Based Antibody Risk Stratification Signature for Early Detection of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Taiwan","volume":"24","author":"Coghill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00077-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00077-20","article-title":"Validation of an Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody Risk Stratification Signature for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by Use of Multiplex Serology","volume":"58","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25402-z","article-title":"A comprehensive risk score for effective risk stratification and screening of nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u0119pie\u0144, E., Strycharz-Dudziak, M., Malm, M., Drop, B., and Polz-Dacewicz, M. (2021). Serum and Tissue Level of TLR9 in EBV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13163981"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00713","article-title":"The Global Landscape of EBV-Associated Tumors","volume":"9","author":"Rickinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0101-z","article-title":"Comprehensive molecular characterization of clinical responses to PD-1 inhibition in metastatic gastric cancer","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32490","article-title":"Prospective observation: Clinical utility of plasma Epstein\u2013Barr virus DNA load in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma patients","volume":"146","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28796","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15675","article-title":"Clinical utility of circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA in patients with gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Shoda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu176","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies and the Risk of Associated Malignancies: Review of the Literature","volume":"180","author":"Coghill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101674","article-title":"Lymphomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection in 2020: Results from a large, unselected case series in France","volume":"54","author":"Donzel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eclinicalmedicine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160271","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0271","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus-associated lymphomas","volume":"372","author":"Rickinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1659","article-title":"DNA fragments in the blood plasma of cancer patients: Quantitations and evidence for their origin from apoptotic and necrotic cells","volume":"61","author":"Jahr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990820)84:4<442::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Genomes in the Serum of Patients with EBV-Associated Hodgkin\u2019s Disease","volume":"84","author":"Gallagher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-09-454694","article-title":"Plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA predicts outcome in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma: Correlative analysis from a large North American cooperative group trial","volume":"121","author":"Kanakry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016002618","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus DNA in serum as an early prognostic marker in children and adolescents with Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"1","author":"Welch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-016-2610-5","article-title":"Pretreatment whole blood Epstein-Barr virus-DNA is a significant prognostic marker in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"95","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2021.106607","article-title":"Pretreatment whole blood Epstein-Barr virus DNA predicts prognosis in Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"107","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-3327","article-title":"The Viral Load of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus (EBV) DNA in Peripheral Blood Predicts for Biological and Clinical Characteristics in Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"17","author":"Hohaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198903163201103","article-title":"Hodgkin\u2019s Disease and Epstein-Barr Virus","volume":"320","author":"Mueller","year":"1989","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-390823","article-title":"Atypical prediagnosis Epstein-Barr virus serology restricted to EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"120","author":"Levin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32741","article-title":"Evaluation of the antibody response to the EBV proteome in EBV-associated classical Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"147","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2009.10.002","article-title":"Endemic Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma as a polymicrobial disease: New insights on the interaction between Plasmodium falciparum and Epstein\u2013Barr virus","volume":"19","author":"Chene","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28378","article-title":"Sickle cell trait is not associated with endemic Burkitt lymphoma: An ethnicity and malaria endemicity-matched case\u2013control study suggests factors controlling EBV may serve as a predictive biomarker for this pediatric cancer","volume":"134","author":"Mulama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30682","article-title":"Plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA for pediatric Burkitt lymphoma diagnosis, prognosis and response assessment in Malawi","volume":"140","author":"Westmoreland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804083","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.804083","article-title":"Plasma EBV DNA: A Promising Diagnostic Marker for Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Xian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910290406","article-title":"Final case reporting from the ugandan prospective study of the relationship between ebv and burktit\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"29","author":"Geser","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23254","article-title":"Antibodies against malaria and Epstein-Barr virus in childhood Burkitt lymphoma: A case-control study in Uganda","volume":"122","author":"Carpenter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0551","article-title":"The Association between the Comprehensive Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Serologic Profile and Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma","volume":"29","author":"Coghill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26579","article-title":"EBV -positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management","volume":"97","author":"Malpica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.02.017","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) DNA in whole blood as a superior prognostic and monitoring factor than EBV-encoded small RNA in situ hybridization in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2015.1072766","article-title":"Whole blood EBV-DNA predicts outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"57","author":"Tisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2245","article-title":"The prognostic significance of EBV DNA load and EBER status in diagnostic specimens from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients","volume":"35","author":"Okamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2022.06.002","article-title":"Utility of Epstein-Barr Viral Load in Blood for Diagnosing and Predicting Prognosis of Lymphoma: A Comparison with Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded RNA in Situ Hybridization","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33802","article-title":"Disparity analysis and prognostic value of pretreatment whole blood Epstein-Barr virus DNA load and Epstein-Barr encoding region status in lymphomas: A retrospective multicenter study in Huaihai Lymphoma Working Group","volume":"150","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28971","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the cancer prevention study-II and a meta-analysis of serologic studies","volume":"136","author":"Teras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-282715","article-title":"A prospective study of Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"116","author":"Bertrand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31385","article-title":"Serologic markers of viral infection and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A pooled study of three prospective cohorts in China and Singapore","volume":"143","author":"Bassig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2998","article-title":"The superiority of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in plasma over in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for monitoring EBV-positive NK-cell lymphoproliferative diseases","volume":"40","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6018","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-05-354142","article-title":"Prospective measurement of Epstein-Barr virus\u2013DNA in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type","volume":"118","author":"Suzuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961058","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1961058","article-title":"The Clinical Utility of Circulating Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Concentrations in NK\/T-Cell Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-12-4197","article-title":"Quantification of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the diagnosis and monitoring of natural killer cell and EBV-positive lymphomas in immunocompetent patients","volume":"104","author":"Au","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"29","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic implications of circulating cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA in natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma","volume":"8","author":"Lei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.212","article-title":"Quantification of circulating Epstein\u2013Barr virus DNA in NK\/T-cell lymphoma treated with the SMILE protocol: Diagnostic and prognostic significance","volume":"28","author":"Kwong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-1064","article-title":"Pretreatment EBV-DNA Copy Number Is Predictive of Response and Toxicities to SMILE Chemotherapy for Extranodal NK\/T-cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type","volume":"18","author":"Ito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-3313-x","article-title":"Significance of circulating Epstein-Barr virus DNA monitoring after remission in patients with extranodal natural killer T cell lymphoma","volume":"97","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-435024","article-title":"Clinical implications of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA in early-stage extranodal nasal-type NK\/T-cell lymphoma patients receiving primary radiotherapy","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-3013-y","article-title":"Serum EBV EA-IgA and VCA-IgA antibodies can be used for risk group stratification and prognostic prediction in extranodal NK\/T cell lymphoma: 24-year experience at a single institution","volume":"96","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02788-w","article-title":"Characterization of the humoral immune response to the EBV proteome in extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000333","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus associated lymphomas in people with HIV","volume":"12","author":"Carbone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-11-599951","article-title":"The tumor virus landscape of AIDS-related lymphomas","volume":"125","author":"Arvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-11-681411","article-title":"A lymphomagenic role for HIV beyond immune suppression?","volume":"127","author":"Dolcetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002129","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus biomarkers have no prognostic value in HIV-related Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern combined antiretroviral therapy era","volume":"33","author":"Lupo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy542","article-title":"Plasma Epstein-Barr Virus Load as an Early Biomarker and Prognostic Factor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013related Lymphomas","volume":"68","author":"Muncunill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-018-1099-2","article-title":"Blood Epstein\u2013Barr virus DNA does not predict outcome in advanced HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Suardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy786","article-title":"Utility of Epstein-Barr Virus Biomarkers in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013related Lymphomas in the Modern Combined Antiretroviral Therapy Era","volume":"68","author":"Lupo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2710","article-title":"High pretreatment plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA level is a poor prognostic marker in HIV-associated, EBV-negative diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Malawi","volume":"9","author":"Montgomery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002839","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of blood Epstein\u2013Barr virus DNA load and antibody profile in HIV-related non-Hodgkin lymphomas","volume":"35","author":"Lupo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"e53","article-title":"Serological Assessment of 18 Pathogens and Risk of AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"80","author":"Halec","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205030-00005","article-title":"High Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) DNA loads in HIV-infected patients: Correlation with antiretroviral therapy and quantitative EBV serology","volume":"16","author":"Stevens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282eeeba0","article-title":"Aberrant Epstein\u2013Barr virus persistence in HIV carriers is characterized by anti-Epstein\u2013Barr virus IgA and high cellular viral loads with restricted transcription","volume":"21","author":"Stevens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6931","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.11.6931","article-title":"Altered EBV Viral Load Setpoint after HIV Seroconversion Is in Accordance with Lack of Predictive Value of EBV Load for the Occurrence of AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"172","author":"Piriou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001511","article-title":"CpG methylation in cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA in patients with EBV-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Shamay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1702693","article-title":"Post-Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Adults","volume":"378","author":"Dierickx","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.144428","article-title":"Management of Epstein-Barr Virus infections and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Sixth European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-6) guidelines","volume":"101","author":"Styczynski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13652","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.13652","article-title":"Practice, the A.I.D.C. of Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders, Epstein-Barr Virus Infection, and Disease in Solid Organ Transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice","volume":"33","author":"Allen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-022-01255-1","article-title":"Methyl-qPCR: A new method to investigate Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection in post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases","volume":"14","author":"Borde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24524","article-title":"Methylation of Epstein-Barr virus Rta promoter in EBV primary infection, reactivation and lymphoproliferation","volume":"88","author":"Germi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03336-15","article-title":"Multicenter Evaluation of Whole-Blood Epstein-Barr Viral Load Standardization Using the WHO International Standard","volume":"54","author":"Semenova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazzarotto, T., Chiereghin, A., Piralla, A., Gibertoni, D., Piccirilli, G., Turello, G., Campanini, G., Gabrielli, L., Costa, C., and Comai, G. (2020). Kinetics of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in whole blood and plasma of kidney transplant recipients: Implications on management strategies. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238062"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2108","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2108","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder prevention strategies in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Lindsay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.027","article-title":"Clinical application of Epstein-Barr virus DNA loads in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: A cohort study","volume":"82","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa090","article-title":"A New Clinical and Immunovirological Score for Predicting the Risk of Late Severe Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: The CLIV Score","volume":"222","author":"Loinaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09798-7","article-title":"Lytic EBV infection investigated by detection of Soluble Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA in the serum of patients with PTLD","volume":"7","author":"Habib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupo, J., Wielandts, A.-S., Buisson, M., CRYOSTEM Consortium, Habib, M., Hamoudi, M., Morand, P., Verduyn-Lunel, F., Caillard, S., and Drouet, E. (2022). High Predictive Value of the Soluble ZEBRA Antigen (Epstein-Barr Virus Trans-Activator Zta) in Transplant Patients with PTLD. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11080928"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-017-0462-2","article-title":"Plasma EBV microRNAs in paediatric renal transplant recipients","volume":"31","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04284-w","article-title":"Biomarkers for PTLD diagnosis and therapies","volume":"35","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994552","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.994552","article-title":"Host microRNAs are decreased in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients during EBV+ Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder","volume":"13","author":"Sen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4726","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-323238","article-title":"Age-related EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in the Western population: A spectrum of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and lymphoma","volume":"117","author":"Dojcinov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.2018.32","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer in an Immunosuppressed Patient","volume":"5","author":"Hujoel","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-01-825570","article-title":"EBV+ mucocutaneous ulcer: A new entity of WHO 2017","volume":"131","author":"McCormack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2018.10.003","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus\u2013Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer: Case Report and Review of the First 100 Published Cases","volume":"19","author":"Sinit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-643569","article-title":"The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"127","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28363","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28363","article-title":"A common mechanism links Epstein-Barr virus infections and autoimmune diseases","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med Virol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26858","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"325","author":"McGinley","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00770-5","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Soldan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577935","article-title":"MINI-review of Epstein-Barr virus involvement in multiple sclerosis etiology and pathogenesis","volume":"371","author":"Aloisi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00718-z","article-title":"The immunology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Attfield","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04432-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM","volume":"603","author":"Lanz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takei, M., Kitamura, N., Nagasawa, Y., Tsuzuki, H., Iwata, M., Nagatsuka, Y., Nakamura, H., Imai, K., and Fujiwara, S. (2022). Are Viral Infections Key Inducers of Autoimmune Diseases? Focus on Epstein\u2013Barr Virus. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091900"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0102-3","article-title":"Transcription factors operate across disease loci, with EBNA2 implicated in autoimmunity","volume":"50","author":"Harley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwana, Y., Takei, M., Yajima, M., Imadome, K.-I., Inomata, H., Shiozaki, M., Ikumi, N., Nozaki, T., Shiraiwa, H., and Kitamura, N. (2011). Epstein-Barr Virus Induces Erosive Arthritis in Humanized Mice. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026630"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.9.4084-4092.1990","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus types 1 and 2 differ in their EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, and EBNA-3C genes","volume":"64","author":"Sample","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5222","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03614-14","article-title":"Genome Diversity of Epstein-Barr Virus from Multiple Tumor Types and Normal Infection","volume":"89","author":"Palser","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"955","article-title":"Differences in the Epstein-Barr Virus gp350 IgA Antibody Response Are Associated With Increased Risk for Coinfection With a Second Strain of Epstein-Barr Virus","volume":"219","author":"Baresel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02517-12","article-title":"Whole-Genome Sequencing of the Akata and Mutu Epstein-Barr Virus Strains","volume":"87","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16706","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16706","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus from Burkitt Lymphoma biopsies from Africa and South America share novel LMP-1 promoter and gene variations","volume":"5","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45986-3","article-title":"A reliable Epstein-Barr Virus classification based on phylogenomic and population analyses","volume":"9","author":"Zanella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok, H., and Chiang, A.K.S. (2016). From Conventional to Next Generation Sequencing of Epstein-Barr Virus Genomes. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8030060"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgy108","article-title":"Identification of genomic alterations in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived Epstein\u2013Barr virus by whole-genome sequencing","volume":"39","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"3433","article-title":"Implication of viral microRNAs in the genesis and diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus-associated tumors (Review)","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abusalah, M.A.H., Irekeola, A.A., Shueb, R.H., Jarrar, M., and Yean, C.Y. (2022). Prognostic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) miRNA biomarkers for survival outcome in EBV-associated epithelial malignancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266893"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan-Jie, T., Wei-Ting, W., Yun, Y., Yang, Z., Yi-Ning, L., Yu-Lin, W., and Yi-Yi, L. (2022). EBV-microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in EBV-Related Fever: A Narrative Review. Curr. Mol. Med.","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524023666221118122005"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93781-w","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel Epstein-Barr Virus-encoded circular RNA from LMP-2 Gene","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ungerleider, N., Concha, M., Lin, Z., Roberts, C., Wang, X., Cao, S., Baddoo, M., Moss, W.N., Yu, Y., and Seddon, M. (2018). The Epstein Barr virus circRNAome. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007206"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1183","article-title":"Structural basis of DNA methylation-dependent site selectivity of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus lytic switch protein ZEBRA\/Zta\/BZLF1","volume":"50","author":"Bernaudat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11226-5","article-title":"Methylation analysis of plasma DNA informs etiologies of Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases","volume":"10","author":"Lam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.083550.108","article-title":"The dynamic DNA methylomes of double-stranded DNA viruses associated with human cancer","volume":"19","author":"Fernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-125","article-title":"Methylation profiling of Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early gene promoters, BZLF1 and BRLF1in tumors of epithelial, NK- and B-cell origins","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701611","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.701611","article-title":"Main Targets of Interest for the Development of a Prophylactic or Therapeutic Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Lupo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100658","article-title":"Immunization with a self-assembling nanoparticle vaccine displaying EBV gH\/gL protects humanized mice against lethal viral challenge","volume":"3","author":"Malhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf3685","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf3685","article-title":"A bivalent Epstein-Barr virus vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies that block infection and confer immunity in humanized mice","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.003","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus gH\/gL has multiple sites of vulnerability for virus neutralization and fusion inhibition","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/656\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:44:40Z","timestamp":1760121880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/656"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v15030656"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15030656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]}}}