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Heaton)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC; Heaton)","award":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC; Grant)","award":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"NeuroAIDS: Effects of Methamphetamine (Grant)","award":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS Injury and Resilience Related to HIV-1 and Methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS Injury and Resilience Related to HIV-1 and Methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS Injury and Resilience Related to HIV-1 and Methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS Injury and Resilience Related to HIV-1 and Methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"Identification of Biomarkers of CNS Injury and Resilience Related to HIV-1 and Methamphetamine (Iudicello)","award":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"]}]},{"name":"Predoctoral Fellow","award":["NIMH P30MH062512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIMH P30MH062512"]}]},{"name":"Predoctoral Fellow","award":["NIDA P50DA026306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P50DA026306"]}]},{"name":"Predoctoral Fellow","award":["NIDA P01DA012065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA P01DA012065"]}]},{"name":"Predoctoral Fellow","award":["R01DA047879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA047879"]}]},{"name":"Predoctoral Fellow","award":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDA TRAIN T32DA031098"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Methamphetamine and cannabis are two widely used substances among people living with HIV (PLWH). Whereas methamphetamine use has been found to worsen HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment, the effects of combined cannabis and methamphetamine use disorder on neurocognition in PLWH are not understood. In the present study, we aimed to determine the influence of these substance use disorders on neurocognition in PLWH and to explore if methamphetamine-cannabis effects interacted with HIV status. Method and Participants: After completing a comprehensive neurobehavioral assessment, PLWH (n = 472) were stratified by lifetime methamphetamine (M\u2212\/M+) and cannabis (C\u2212\/C+) DSM-IV abuse\/dependence disorder into four groups: M\u2212C\u2212 (n = 187), M\u2212C+ (n = 68), M+C\u2212, (n = 82), and M+C+ (n = 135). Group differences in global and domain neurocognitive performances and impairment were examined using multiple linear and logistic regression, respectively, while holding constant other covariates that were associated with study groups and\/or cognition. Data from participants without HIV (n = 423) were added, and mixed-effect models were used to examine possible interactions between HIV and substance use disorders on neurocognition. Results: Compared with M+C+, M+C\u2212 performed worse on measures of executive functions, learning, memory, and working memory and were more likely to be classified as impaired in those domains. M\u2212C\u2212 performed better than M+C+ on measures of learning and memory but worse than M\u2212C+ on measures of executive functions, learning, memory, and working memory. Detectable plasma HIV RNA and nadir CD4 &lt; 200 were associated with lower overall neurocognitive performance, and these effects were greater for M+C+ compared with M\u2212C\u2212. Conclusions: In PLWH, lifetime methamphetamine use disorder and both current and legacy markers of HIV disease severity are associated with worse neurocognitive outcomes. There was no evidence of an HIV \u00d7 M+ interaction across groups, but neurocognition was most impacted by HIV among those with polysubstance use disorder (M+C+). Better performance by C+ groups is consistent with findings from preclinical studies that cannabis use may protect against methamphetamine\u2019s deleterious effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T05:18:43Z","timestamp":1678079923000},"page":"674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Combined Effects of Cannabis, Methamphetamine, and HIV on Neurocognition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University\/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA 92120, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Iudicello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4705-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cecilia G.","family":"Marcondes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Cherner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Letendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Heaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32835ba6b1","article-title":"Life Expectancy Living with HIV: Recent Estimates and Future Implications","volume":"26","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. 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