{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:20:45Z","timestamp":1791696045987,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","award":["MBRU-CM-RG2018-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MBRU-CM-RG2018-14"]}]},{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates","award":["MBRU-CM-RG2019-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MBRU-CM-RG2019-13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The majority of emerging viral infectious diseases in humans originate from wildlife reservoirs, such as rodents and bats. We investigated a possible reservoir, namely wild gerbils and mice trapped in a desert reserve within the emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). In total, 52 gerbils and 1 jird (Gerbillinae), 10 house mice (Mus musculus), and 1 Arabian spiny mouse (Acomys\u00a0dimidiatus) were sampled. Oro-pharyngeal swabs, fecal samples, attached ticks, and organ samples (where available) were screened by (RT-q)PCR for the following viruses: Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus, hantaviruses, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus, Rustrela virus, poxviruses, flaviviruses, and herpesviruses. All of the samples were negative for all investigated viruses, except for herpesviruses: 19 gerbils (35.8%) and seven house mice (70.0%) were positive. The resulting sequences were only partly identical to sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three novel betaherpesviruses and four novel gammaherpesviruses. Interestingly, species identification of the positive gerbils resulted in eight individuals clustering in a separate clade, most closely related to Dipodillus campestris, the North African gerbil, indicating either the expansion of the geographic range of this species, or the existence of a closely related, yet undiscovered species in the UAE. In conclusion, we could not find evidence of persistence or shedding of potentially zoonotic viruses in the investigated rodent cohorts of limited sample size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T03:29:05Z","timestamp":1678246145000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Potentially Zoonotic Viruses in Wild Rodents, United Arab Emirates, 2019\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4028-4151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Weidinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Kolodziejek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamer","family":"Khafaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Emirates Group, Dubai P.O. Box 686, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-6587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Loney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Howarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American University in Dubai, Al Sufouh 2, Dubai P.O. Box 28282, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moayyed","family":"Sher Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Emirates Group, Dubai P.O. Box 686, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9134-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Abou Tayoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al Jalila Genomics Center of Excellence, Al Jalila Children\u2019s Specialty Hospital, Dubai 7662, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Discovery, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1213-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alawi","family":"Alsheikh-Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Dubai Health Authority, Dubai P.O. Box 4545, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9040-5786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy V.","family":"Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3548-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0554-9","article-title":"Comparative analysis of rodent and small mammal viromes to better understand the wildlife origin of emerging infectious diseases","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1455","article-title":"Zoonoses in the Arabian Peninsula","volume":"35","author":"Wernery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70164-6","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: A comparative serological study","volume":"13","author":"Reusken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"20781","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels, Oman, 2013","volume":"19","author":"Nowotny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. Sur Les Mal. Transm. Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14306","article-title":"MERS-CoV in sheep, goats, and cattle, United Arab Emirates, 2019: Virological and serological investigations reveal an accidental spillover from dromedaries","volume":"69","author":"Weidinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8834","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00752-06","article-title":"Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genomics and global diversity","volume":"80","author":"Deyde","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.191414","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Endemicity in United Arab Emirates, 2019","volume":"26","author":"Camp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahhosseini, N., Wong, G., Babuadze, G., Camp, J.V., Ergonul, O., Kobinger, G.P., Chinikar, S., and Nowotny, N. (2021). Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Asia, Africa and Europe. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091907"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2709.210299","article-title":"Association of dromedary camels and camel ticks with reassortant Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, United Arab Emirates","volume":"27","author":"Camp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05083-1","article-title":"Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus infection","volume":"166","author":"Madani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakham, F., Albalawi, A.E., Alanazi, A.D., Truong Nguyen, P., Alouffi, A.S., Alaoui, A., Sironen, T., Smura, T., and Vapalahti, O. (2021). Viral RNA metagenomics of Hyalomma ticks collected from dromedary camels in Makkah province, Saudi Arabia. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071396"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.041298","article-title":"Low diversity of Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus, Saudi Arabia, 1994\u20131999","volume":"11","author":"Charrel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"97","article-title":"Hantaviruses: An overview","volume":"52","author":"Simmons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2021.1917527","article-title":"Epidemiology, virology and clinical aspects of hantavirus infections: An overview","volume":"32","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2710.210224","article-title":"New perspective on the geographic distribution and evolution of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Central Europe","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2812-9","article-title":"Relatives of rubella virus in diverse mammals","volume":"586","author":"Bennett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36204-w","article-title":"Mystery of fatal \u2018staggering disease\u2019 unravelled: Novel rustrela virus causes severe encephalomyelitis in domestic cats","volume":"14","author":"Matiasek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"720","article-title":"Feline ataxia due to nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology","volume":"26","author":"Kronevi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nord. Vet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.6.1668-1669.1995","article-title":"Description of feline nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis (\u201cstaggering disease\u201d) and studies of its etiology","volume":"33","author":"Nowotny","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X","article-title":"Monkeypox","volume":"401","author":"Ogoina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph, S., Kinne, J., Nagy, P., Juh\u00e1sz, J., Barua, R., Patteril, N.A.G., Hoffmann, D., Pfaff, F., Hoffmann, B., and Wernery, U. (2021). Outbreak of a systemic form of camelpox in a dromedary herd (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101940"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2007.00857.x","article-title":"Ecthyma contagiosum (orf)\u2013report of a human case from the United Arab Emirates and review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Nowotny","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1067\/S0190-9622(03)00762-X","article-title":"Feline orthopoxvirus infection transmitted from cat to human","volume":"49","author":"Hawranek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll, D.S., Emerson, G.L., Li, Y., Sammons, S., Olson, V., Frace, M., Nakazawa, Y., Czerny, C.P., Tryland, M., and Kolodziejek, J. (2011). Chasing Jenner\u2019s vaccine: Revisiting cowpox virus classification. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023086"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.73-83.1998","article-title":"Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus","volume":"72","author":"Kuno","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolodziejek, J., Marinov, M., Kiss, B.J., Alexe, V., and Nowotny, N. (2014). The complete sequence of a West Nile virus lineage 2 strain detected in a Hyalomma marginatum marginatum tick collected from a song thrush (Turdus philomelos) in eastern Romania in 2013 revealed closest genetic relationship to strain Volgograd 2007. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109905"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.051379","article-title":"Lineage 1 and 2 strains of encephalitic West Nile virus, Central Europe","volume":"12","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1647\/2007-029R.1","article-title":"West Nile virus in the Americas","volume":"22","author":"Pollock","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Avian. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.53","article-title":"First isolation of West Nile virus from a dromedary camel","volume":"5","author":"Joseph","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3417-8","article-title":"Mosquito biodiversity and mosquito-borne viruses in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"12","author":"Camp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"199","article-title":"Herpesviruses: A brief overview","volume":"256","author":"Ackermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol. Clifton N.J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.190-199","article-title":"The emerging SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2: An insight into the viruses zoonotic aspects","volume":"14","author":"Khalaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.05.006","article-title":"Bats as reservoirs of severe emerging infectious diseases","volume":"205","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Khafaga, T., and Bell, S. (2023, February 12). Rodent Community Structure and Dynamics in Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve. 2012, 143p. Available online: https:\/\/www.ddcr.org\/reports\/full\/Rodents-community-Structure-and-dynamics.pdf."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"McGrath, D. (2018). University of Oxford."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20334","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.49.20334-en","article-title":"Assays for laboratory confirmation of novel human coronavirus (hCoV-EMC) infections","volume":"17","author":"Corman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.051487","article-title":"Hantavirus in African wood mouse, Guinea","volume":"12","author":"Klempa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01697-09","article-title":"GC content-based pan-pox universal PCR assays for poxvirus detection","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-58","article-title":"Development of one-step quantitative reverse transcription PCR for the rapid detection of flaviviruses","volume":"10","author":"Patel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.7.1666-1671.1996","article-title":"Detection and analysis of diverse herpesviral species by consensus primer PCR","volume":"34","author":"VanDevanter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-006-0113-y","article-title":"Two universal primer sets for species identification among vertebrates","volume":"121","author":"Kitano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.566.7317","article-title":"Taxonomic hypotheses regarding the genus Gerbillus (Rodentia, Muridae, Gerbillinae) based on molecular analyses of museum specimens","volume":"566","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"ZooKeys"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2007.01748.x","article-title":"Universal primer cocktails for fish DNA barcoding","volume":"7","author":"Ivanova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Notes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Granjon, L. (2022, September 28). Gerbillus campestris. Available online: https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/species\/45088\/22465830."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lado, S., Elbers, J.P., Plasil, M., Loney, T., Weidinger, P., Camp, J.V., Kolodziejek, J., Futas, J., Kannan, D.A., and Orozco-terWengel, P. (2021). Innate and adaptive immune genes associated with MERS-CoV infection in dromedaries. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061291"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lado, S., Futas, J., Plasil, M., Loney, T., Weidinger, P., Camp, J.V., Kolodziejek, J., Kannan, D.O., Horin, P., and Nowotny, N. (2021). Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever virus past infections are associated with two innate immune response candidate genes in dromedaries. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010008"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.05.010","article-title":"The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies","volume":"144","author":"Gargili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0544-0","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir","volume":"13","author":"Mohd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11297","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01498-14","article-title":"Rooting the phylogenetic tree of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus by characterization of a conspecific virus from an African bat","volume":"88","author":"Corman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31257","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31257","article-title":"MERS-CoV spillover at the camel-human interface","volume":"7","author":"Dudas","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27023","article-title":"Exploring the potential roles of some rodents in the transmission of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"93","author":"Hemida","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemida, M.G., Alhammadi, M., Almathen, F., and Alnaeem, A. (2021). Lack of detection of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nucleic acids in some Hyalomma dromedarii infesting some Camelus dromedary naturally infected with MERS-CoV. BMC Res. Notes, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05496-w"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2004.09.004","article-title":"Small mammal virology","volume":"8","author":"Kashuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. America. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0892","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus from rodents in southwestern France","volume":"12","author":"Yama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. Larchmt. N. Y."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030476","article-title":"Flavivirus encephalitis","volume":"351","author":"Solomon","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1984.tb00732.x","article-title":"Development of a new cell system for the infectivity assay of dengue viruses: Plaque formation and virus growth of prototype and wild-type dengue virus strains in a newly established cell line, GK","volume":"28","author":"Nawa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(97)80084-9","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)-specific RT-PCR for characterization of natural foci of TBE and for other applications","volume":"286","author":"Ramelow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zent. Bakteriol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8091","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00255-07","article-title":"Identification of novel rodent herpesviruses, including the first gammaherpesvirus of Mus musculus","volume":"81","author":"Ehlers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/695\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:49:56Z","timestamp":1760122196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v15030695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15030695","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]}}}