{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T13:40:09Z","timestamp":1776087609613,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Autonomous Region of Sardinia","award":["12.12.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12.12.2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accumulating evidence highlights the pathogenetic role of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in eliciting and maintaining multiple sclerosis (MS). Epigenetic mechanisms, such as those regulated by TRIM 28 and SETDB1, are implicated in HERV activation and in neuroinflammatory disorders, including MS. Pregnancy markedly improves the course of MS, but no study explored the expressions of HERVs and of TRIM28 and SETDB1 during gestation. Using a polymerase chain reaction real-time Taqman amplification assay, we assessed and compared the transcriptional levels of pol genes of HERV-H, HERV-K, HERV-W; of env genes of Syncytin (SYN)1, SYN2, and multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus (MSRV); and of TRIM28 and SETDB1 in peripheral blood and placenta from 20 mothers affected by MS; from 27 healthy mothers, in cord blood from their neonates; and in blood from healthy women of child-bearing age. The HERV mRNA levels were significantly lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant women. Expressions of all HERVs were downregulated in the chorion and in the decidua basalis of MS mothers compared to healthy mothers. The former also showed lower mRNA levels of HERV-K-pol and of SYN1, SYN2, and MSRV in peripheral blood. Significantly lower expressions of TRIM28 and SETDB1 also emerged in pregnant vs. nonpregnant women and in blood, chorion, and decidua of mothers with MS vs. healthy mothers. In contrast, HERV and TRIM28\/SETDB1 expressions were comparable between their neonates. These results show that gestation is characterized by impaired expressions of HERVs and TRIM28\/SETDB1, particularly in mothers with MS. Given the beneficial effects of pregnancy on MS and the wealth of data suggesting the putative contribution of HERVs and epigenetic processes in the pathogenesis of the disease, our findings may further support innovative therapeutic interventions to block HERV activation and to control aberrant epigenetic pathways in MS-affected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T02:33:16Z","timestamp":1678329196000},"page":"710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pregnancy Is Associated with Impaired Transcription of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and of TRIM28 and SETDB1, Particularly in Mothers Affected by Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Pier-Angelo","family":"Tovo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9617-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Marozio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Abbona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Department Laboratory Medicine, AOU Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Calvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Frezet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gambarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Benedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Galliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Bergallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70064-8","article-title":"The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology","volume":"9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00255-1","article-title":"Genetics of multiple sclerosis: Lessons from polygenicity","volume":"21","author":"Goris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2021.2020436","article-title":"DNA methylation changes in glial cells of the normal-appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"17","author":"Kular","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000494262","article-title":"The role of sex hormones in multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Avila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103636","article-title":"Is EBV the cause of multiple sclerosis?","volume":"58","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calahorra, L., Camacho-Toledano, C., Serrano-Regal, M.P., Ortega, M.C., and Clemente, D. (2022). Regulatory cells in multiple sclerosis: From blood to brain. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020335"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxv025","article-title":"Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to a human endogenous retrovirus associated with multiple sclerosis is mediated by TLR4","volume":"27","author":"Duperray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00624-x","article-title":"The role of glial cells in multiple sclerosis disease progression","volume":"18","author":"Healy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5406.1277","article-title":"A gender gap in autoimmunity","volume":"283","author":"Whitacre","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07124.x","article-title":"Improvement of autoimmune hepatitis during pregnancy followed by flare-up after delivery","volume":"97","author":"Buchel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00602.x","article-title":"Does pregnancy change the disease course? A study in a European cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"101","author":"Riis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.075283","article-title":"Pregnancy induces numerical and functional changes of CD4+CD25 high regulatory T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Marcoli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24003","article-title":"Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: Results from a nationwide prospective study","volume":"59","author":"Dolhain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2012.00618.x","article-title":"Impact of pregnancy on health-related quality of life of patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807303390501","article-title":"Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis group rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis","volume":"339","author":"Confavreux","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh152","article-title":"Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis group Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis (the PRIMS study): Clinical predictors of post-partum relapse","volume":"127","author":"Vukusic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.01.008","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy and breastfeeding on the multiple sclerosis disease course","volume":"149","author":"Beaber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.02931.x","article-title":"What can we really tell women with multiple sclerosis regarding pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"118","author":"Finkelsztejn","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31824c4648","article-title":"Offspring number, pregnancy, and risk of a first clinical demyelinating event: The Australian Immune Study","volume":"78","author":"Ponsonby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24682","article-title":"Predictors of long-term disability accrual in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Jokubaitis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_299_20","article-title":"Pregnancy history, oral contraceptive pills consumption (OCPs), and risk of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ghajarzadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.1084","article-title":"Late pregnancy suppresses relapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Evidence for a suppressive pregnancy-related serum factor","volume":"169","author":"Garren","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8146","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.12.8146","article-title":"Pregnancy suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through immunoregulatory cytokine production","volume":"179","author":"McClain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3871","article-title":"Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Dendrou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0584-y","article-title":"Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: From molecular mechanisms to clinical application","volume":"38","author":"Gold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0189-2","article-title":"Origins and evolutionary consequences of ancient endogenous retroviruses","volume":"17","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.7.3321-3329.2000","article-title":"An envelope glycoprotein of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W is expressed in the human placenta and fuses cells expressing the type D mammalian retrovirus receptor","volume":"74","author":"Blond","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13013","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2132646100","article-title":"Genomewide screening for fusogenic human endogenous retrovirus envelopes identifies syncytin 2, a gene conserved on primate evolution","volume":"100","author":"Blaise","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20534","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707873105","article-title":"Placental syncytins: Genetic disjunction between the fusogenic and immunosuppressive activity of retroviral envelope proteins","volume":"104","author":"Mangeney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2012.03568.x","article-title":"Immune cell activation by trophoblast-derived microvesicles is mediated by syncytin 1","volume":"136","author":"Holder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948423","article-title":"Syncytin-1\/HERV-W envelope is an early activation marker of leukocytes and is upregulated in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"50","author":"Casanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"185","article-title":"Endogenous retrovirus-encoded Syncytin-2 contributes to exosome-mediated immunosuppression of T cells","volume":"102","author":"Lokossou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201200056","article-title":"Endogenous retroviruses in mammals: An emerging picture of how ERVs modify expression of adjacent genes","volume":"34","author":"Isbel","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7636","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7636","article-title":"The envelope protein of a human endogenous retrovirus-W family activates innate immunity through CD14\/TLR4 and promotes Th1-like responses","volume":"176","author":"Rolland","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02039","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses are ancient acquired elements still shaping innate immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Grandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad5497","article-title":"Regulatory evolution of innate immunity through co-option of endogenous retroviruses","volume":"351","author":"Chuong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2016.07.001","article-title":"Endogenous retroelements and the host innate immune sensors","volume":"132","author":"Mu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e131093","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.131093","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) RNA causes neurodegeneration through Toll-like receptors","volume":"5","author":"Dembny","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.02.003","article-title":"Potential molecular mimicry between the human endogenous retrovirus W family envelope proteins and myelin proteins in multiple sclerosis","volume":"183","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morozov, V.A., Dao Thi, V.L., and Denner, J. (2013). The transmembrane protein of the human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) modulates cytokine release and gene expression. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070399"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2020.1777281","article-title":"Enhanced expression of human endogenous retroviruses in new-onset type 1 diabetes: Potential pathogenetic and therapeutic implications","volume":"53","author":"Tovo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04050-x","article-title":"Overexpression of endogenous retroviruses in children with celiac disease","volume":"180","author":"Tovo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ukadike, K.C., and Mustelin, T. (2021). Implications of endogenous retroelements in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040856"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.01.007","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviral pol RNA and protein detected and identified in the blood of individuals with schizophrenia","volume":"83","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc0708","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc0708","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviral protein triggers deficit in glutamate synapse maturation and behaviors associated with psychosis","volume":"6","author":"Johansson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tovo, P.A., Davico, C., Marcotulli, D., Vitiello, B., Dapr\u00e0, V., Calvi, C., Montanari, P., Carpino, A., Galliano, I., and Bergallo, M. (2022). Enhanced expression of human endogenous retroviruses, TRIM28 and SETDB1 in autism spectrum disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115964"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chesnokova, E., Beletskiy, A., and Kolosov, P. (2022). The role of transposable elements of the human genome in neuronal function and pathology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105847"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390173355","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis-associated virus-related pol sequences found both in multiple sclerosis and healthy donors are more frequently expressed in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"9","author":"Nowak","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-104","article-title":"B cells and monocytes from patients with active multiple sclerosis exhibit increased surface expression of both HERV-H Env and HERV-W Env, accompanied by increased seroreactivity","volume":"6","author":"Brudek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03092","article-title":"Do antiretroviral drugs protect from multiple sclerosis by inhibiting expression of MS-associated retrovirus?","volume":"9","author":"Morandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00265","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses and their putative role in the development of autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Cynis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.05.024","article-title":"Novel reliable real-time PCR for differential detection of MSRVenv and syncytin-1 in RNA and DNA from patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"161","author":"Mameli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92579-Q","article-title":"Isolation of retrovirus from patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"337","author":"Perron","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1319","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus glycoprotein-mediated induction of redox reactants causes oligodendrocyte death and demyelination","volume":"7","author":"Antony","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perron, H., Dougier-Reynaud, H.-L., Lomparski, C., Popa, I., Firouzi, R., Bertrand, J.-B., Marusic, S., Portoukalian, J., Jouvin-Marche, E., and Villiers, C.L. (2013). Human endogenous retrovirus protein activates innate immunity and promotes experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080128"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Montojo, M., Dominguez-Mozo, M., Arias-Leal, A., Garcia-Martinez, \u00c1., De las Heras, V., Casanova, I., Faucard, R., Gehin, N., Madeira, A., and Arroyo, R. (2013). The DNA copy number of human endogenous retrovirus-W (MSRV-type) is increased in multiple sclerosis patients and is influenced by gender and disease severity. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053623"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1045","article-title":"Multiplesclerosis retrovirus particles and recombinant envelope trigger an abnormal immune response invitro, by inducing polyclonal Vbeta16 T-lymphocyte activation","volume":"287","author":"Perron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510376956","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and progressive disability of multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Sotgiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-2-57","article-title":"Natural history of the ERVWE1 endogenous retroviral locus","volume":"2","author":"Bonnaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-37","article-title":"Analysis of transcribed human endogenous retrovirus W env loci clarifies the origin of multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus env sequences","volume":"6","author":"Laufer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6711","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6711","article-title":"HERVs, immunity, and autoimmunity: Understanding the connection","volume":"7","author":"Greenig","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.09.009","article-title":"Syncytin-1, an endogenous retroviral protein, triggers the activation of CRP via TLR3 signal cascade in glial cells","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201445366","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus envelope proteins target dendritic cells to suppress T-cell activation","volume":"45","author":"Hummel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.10.16.2067","article-title":"KAP-1, a novel corepressor for the highly conserved KRAB repression domain","volume":"10","author":"Friedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobocinska, J., Molenda, S., Machnik, M., and Oleksiewicz, U. (2021). KRAB-ZFP transcriptional regulators acting as oncogenes and tumor suppressors: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042212"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.973302","article-title":"SETDB1: A novel KAP-1-associated histone H3, lysine 9-specific methyltransferase that contributes to HP1-mediated silencing of euchromatic genes by KRAB zinc-finger proteins","volume":"16","author":"Schultz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1248","article-title":"TRIM family proteins: Retroviral restriction and antiviral defence","volume":"3","author":"Nisole","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20083","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214704109","article-title":"TRIM28 mediates chromatin modifications at the TCR\u03b1 enhancer and regulates the development of T and natural killer T cells","volume":"109","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201612160","article-title":"Silencing of retrotransposons by SETDB1 inhibits the interferon response in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"216","author":"Cuellar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25839","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1901639116","article-title":"Critical role for TRIM28 and HP1\u03b2\/\u03b3 in the epigenetic control of T cell metabolic reprograming and effector differentiation","volume":"116","author":"Gehrmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.01.003","article-title":"The histone methyltransferase SETDB1 controls T helper cell lineage integrity by repressing endogenous retroviruses","volume":"50","author":"Adoue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czerwinska, P., Jaworska, A.M., Wlodarczyk, N.A., and Mackiewicz, A.A. (2020). Melanoma stem cell-like phenotype and significant suppression of immune response within a tumor are regulated by TRIM28 protein. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102998"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.12.004","article-title":"TRIM28 represses transcription of endogenous retroviruses in neural progenitor cells","volume":"10","author":"Fasching","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2021.103602","article-title":"The role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in synapse function in the healthy and diseased brain","volume":"112","author":"Kawabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.60.10","article-title":"Epigenetics and autoimmunity, with special emphasis on methylation","volume":"60","author":"Renaudineau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Keio J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2015.06.003","article-title":"Epigenetic signaling in schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Ibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101968","article-title":"Histone lysine methyltransferase SETDB1 as a novel target for central nervous system diseases","volume":"200","author":"Markouli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08990","article-title":"Genome, epigenome and RNA sequences of monozygotic twins discordant for multiple sclerosis","volume":"464","author":"Baranzini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-014-0060-z","article-title":"Epigenetics of discordant monozygotic twins: Implications for disease","volume":"6","author":"Spector","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1667-1","article-title":"Aberrant DNA methylation profile exacerbates inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"17","author":"Celarain","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.12.018","article-title":"Transcriptional activity of human endogenous retroviruses is higher at birth in inversed correlation with gestational age","volume":"68","author":"Bergallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tovo, P.A., Garazzino, S., Dapr\u00e0, V., Pruccoli, G., Calvi, C., Mignone, F., Alliaudi, C., Denina, M., Scolfaro, C., and Zoppo, M. (2021). COVID-19 in children: Expressions of type I\/II\/III interferons, TRIM28, SETDB1, and endogenous retroviruses in mild and severe cases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147481"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12124","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12124","article-title":"Enhanced expression of endogenous retroviruses and of TRIM28 and SETDB1 in children with food allergy","volume":"12","author":"Tovo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"51","article-title":"Quantitative real-time PCR detection of TRPV1-4 gene expression in human leukocytes from healthy and hyposensitive subjects","volume":"4","author":"Marsili","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"NIH (2019, April 25). NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant or Synthetic Nucleic Acid Molecules, Available online: https:\/\/osp.od.nih.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019_NIH_Guidelines.htm."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"WHO (2020, May 13). Laboratory Biosafety Guidance Related to Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Interim Guidance, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/laboratory-biosafety-guidance-related-to-coronavirus-disease-(COVID-19)."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.172833.114","article-title":"Interplay of TRIM28 and DNA methylation in controlling human endogenous retroelements","volume":"24","author":"Turelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03852-2","article-title":"Epigenetic activation during T helper 17 cell differentiation is mediated by Tripartite motif containing 28","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.147678.112","article-title":"TRIM28 repression of retrotransposon-based enhancers is necessary to preserve transcriptional dynamics in embryonic stem cells","volume":"23","author":"Rowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08858","article-title":"Proviral silencing in embryonic stem cells requires the histone methyltransferase ESET","volume":"464","author":"Matsui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34535","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705898200","article-title":"The Kruppel-associated box repressor domain can trigger de novo promoter methylation during mouse early embryogenesis","volume":"282","author":"Wiznerowicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25767","article-title":"Liver-specific ablation of Kr\u00fcppel-associated box-associated protein 1 in mice leads to male-predominant hepatosteatosis and development of liver adenoma","volume":"56","author":"Bojkowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-206177","article-title":"KAP1 regulates gene networks controlling T-cell development and responsiveness","volume":"26","author":"Barde","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834636","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834636","article-title":"KAP1\/TRIM28: Transcriptional activator and\/or repressor of viral and cellular programs?","volume":"12","author":"Randolph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13004","article-title":"Impact of sex hormones on immune function and multiple sclerosis development","volume":"156","author":"Ysrraelit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1386.021","article-title":"A potential role for estrogen in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"1089","author":"Offner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2009.79","article-title":"Estrogen treatment decreases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in autoimmune demyelinating disease through estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)","volume":"89","author":"Gold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2012.76","article-title":"Estriol preserves synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during autoimmune demyelinating disease","volume":"92","author":"Ziehn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx315","article-title":"Oestrogen receptor \u03b2 ligand acts on CD11c+ cells to mediate protection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"141","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10301","article-title":"Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnancy hormone estriol","volume":"52","author":"Sicotte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000120","article-title":"Oral contraceptives combined with interferon \u03b2 in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Pozzilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00322-1","article-title":"Estriol combined with glatiramer acetate for women with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"15","author":"Voskuhl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01086","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1086","article-title":"Estriol-mediated neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis localized by voxel-based morphometry","volume":"8","author":"Brook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2011.12.001","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of estrogens and androgens in CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"33","author":"Spence","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neuroend."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq237","article-title":"Oestrogen receptor beta ligand: A novel treatment to enhance endogenous functional remyelination","volume":"133","author":"Crawford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.43","article-title":"Sex-related factors in multiple sclerosis susceptibility and progression","volume":"8","author":"Voskuhl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0059","article-title":"Expression of endogenous retroviruses in peripheral leukocytes during the menstrual cycle suggests coordinated hormonal regulation","volume":"34","author":"Mueller","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.61.6.2059-2062.1987","article-title":"Stimulation of expression of the human endogenous retrovirus genome by female steroid hormones in human breast cancer cell line T47D","volume":"61","author":"Ono","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0173","article-title":"Female sex hormones activate human endogenous retrovirus type K through the OCT4 transcription factor in T47D breast cancer cells","volume":"35","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03017","article-title":"Steroids, pregnancy and fetal development","volume":"10","author":"Solano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E181","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617115114","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor in T cells mediates protection from autoimmunity in pregnancy","volume":"114","author":"Engler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13084","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13084","article-title":"Progesterone modulates the T-cell response via glucocorticoid receptor-dependent pathways","volume":"81","author":"Hierweger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1247","article-title":"Induction of 11\u03b2-HSD 1 and activation of distinct mineralocorticoid receptor- and glucocorticoid receptor-dependent gene networks in decidualizing human endometrial stromal cells","volume":"27","author":"Kuroda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb08348.x","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-mediated immunomodulation: Hydrocortisone enhances immunosuppressive endogenous retroviral protein (p15E) expression in mouse immune cells","volume":"101","author":"Fiegl","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.10.026","article-title":"Inherently variable responses to glucocorticoid stress among endogenous retroviruses isolated from 23 mouse strains","volume":"1863","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7783","article-title":"Divergent effects of ovarian steroids on neuronal survival during experimental allergic encephalitis in Lewis rats","volume":"171","author":"Hoffman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2012.02284.x","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of progesterone in chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"24","author":"Giatti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.08.056","article-title":"The prevention of post-partum relapses with progestin and estradiol in multiple sclerosis (POPART\u2019MUS) trial: Rationale, objectives and state of advancement","volume":"286","author":"Vukusic","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0562-7","article-title":"Pregnancy: Effect on multiple sclerosis, treatment considerations, and breastfeeding","volume":"14","author":"Voskuhl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.12.77","article-title":"Mechanism of human chorionic gonadotrophin-mediated immunomodulation in pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Bansal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803177","article-title":"Human chorionic gonadotropin attracts regulatory T cells into the fetal-maternal interface during early human pregnancy","volume":"182","author":"Schumacher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.10.3566-3574.2003","article-title":"Direct involvement of HERV-W Env glycoprotein in human trophoblast cell fusion and differentiation","volume":"23","author":"Frendo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4948","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000588","article-title":"Gender differences in 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 immunomodulatory effects in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy subjects","volume":"185","author":"Correale","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12432","article-title":"Vitamin D, steroid hormones, and autoimmunity","volume":"1317","author":"Cutolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.002","article-title":"Network of nuclear receptor ligands in multiple sclerosis: Common pathways and interactions of sex-steroids, corticosteroids and vitamin D3-derived molecules","volume":"15","author":"Rolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.09.047","article-title":"Estrogen-vitamin D interaction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Disanto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.06.015","article-title":"Vitamin D and estrogen synergy in Vdr-expressing CD4+ T cells is essential to induce Helios+FoxP3+ T cells and prevent autoimmune demyelinating disease","volume":"286","author":"Spanier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796933","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.796933","article-title":"Vitamin D as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis: Immunoregulatory or neuroprotective?","volume":"13","author":"Gombash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103318","article-title":"The role of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in multiple sclerosis and the plausible interplay between HERVs, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and vitamin D","volume":"57","author":"Latifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10220","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10220","article-title":"Acetate correlates with disability and immune response in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Medina","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15150","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: A prospective cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Cuello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000869","article-title":"KRAB-zinc finger proteins and KAP1 can mediate long-range transcriptional repression through heterochromatin preading","volume":"6","author":"Groner","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02229","article-title":"Phosphorylation of TRIM28 enhances the expression of IFN-_ and proinflammatory cytokines during HPAIV infection of human lung epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Krischuns","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-013-8254-x","article-title":"Role of histone lysine methyltransferases SUV39H1 and SETDB1 in gliomagenesis: Modulation of cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation","volume":"16","author":"Spyropoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.101","article-title":"Chromosomal microarray analysis in clinical evaluation of neurodevelopmental disorders-reporting a novel deletion of SETDB1 and illustration of counseling challenge","volume":"80","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.02.043","article-title":"TRIM28 and the control of transposable elements in the brain","volume":"1705","author":"Grassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2010.02.004","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of the expression of genes involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis and action","volume":"75","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00635","article-title":"The immune system is a natural target for estrogen action: Opposing effects of estrogen in two prototypical autoimmune diseases","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pe48","DOI":"10.1126\/stke.3042005pe48","article-title":"Intracellular glucocorticoid signaling: A formerly simple system turns stochastic","volume":"2005","author":"Chrousos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. STKE"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90199-X","article-title":"The nuclear receptor superfamily: The second decade","volume":"83","author":"Mangelsdorf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.05.006","article-title":"Analysis of the human endogenous coregulator complexome","volume":"145","author":"Malovannaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2014.12.015","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: A single-centre prospective comparative study","volume":"32","author":"Cuello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurologia"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2020-001609","article-title":"Pregnancy in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Arneth","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez-Orenga, K., and Oltra, E. (2021). Human Endogenous Retrovirus as Therapeutic Targets in Neurologic Disease. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202104.0262.v1"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200260119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2200260119","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus-K (HERV-K) reverse transcriptase (RT) structure and biochemistry reveals remarkable similarities to HIV-1 RT and opportunities for HERV-K-specific inhibition","volume":"119","author":"Baldwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"22","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of temelimab in multiple sclerosis: Results of a randomized phase 2b and extension study","volume":"9","author":"Hartung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f14d64","article-title":"The replicative activity of human endogenous retrovirus K102 (HERV-K102) with HIV viremia","volume":"21","author":"Laderoute","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-017-0347-4","article-title":"Inhibition of human endogenous retrovirus-K by antiretroviral drugs","volume":"14","author":"Tyagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morandi, E., Tanasescu, R., Tarlinton, R.E., Constantinescu, C.S., Zhang, W., Tench, C., and Gran, B. (2017). The association between human endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172415"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307932","article-title":"HIV and lower risk of multiple sclerosis: Beginning to unravel a mystery using a record-linked database study","volume":"86","author":"Gold","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9338","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01503-16","article-title":"NF-\u03baB and IRF induce endogenous retrovirus K expression via interferon stimulated response elements in its 5\u2019 long terminal repeat","volume":"90","author":"Manghera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2013.08.001","article-title":"Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) in multiple sclerosis pathology","volume":"19","author":"Prinz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200203290-00004","article-title":"The human 26S proteasome is a target of antiretroviral agents","volume":"16","author":"Piccinini","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350501000203","article-title":"The HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir and saquinavir, but not a variety of HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors, adversely affect human proteasome function","volume":"10","author":"Piccinini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"17358","article-title":"Inhibition of HERV-K (HML-2) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"423","author":"Fathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22024-3","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in breast cancer therapy and resistance","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:51:34Z","timestamp":1760122294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v15030710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15030710","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]}}}