{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:09:20Z","timestamp":1790863760123,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["443215\/2019\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["443215\/2019\u20137"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["401933\/2020\u20132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401933\/2020\u20132"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["21\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/2020"]}]},{"name":"IFNMG","award":["443215\/2019\u20137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["443215\/2019\u20137"]}]},{"name":"IFNMG","award":["401933\/2020\u20132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401933\/2020\u20132"]}]},{"name":"IFNMG","award":["21\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, waves of yellow fever virus (YFV) from the Amazon Rainforest have spread and caused outbreaks in other regions of Brazil, including the Cerrado, a savannah-like biome through which YFV usually moves before arriving at the Atlantic Forest. To identify the vectors involved in the maintenance of the virus in semiarid environments, an entomological survey was conducted after confirmation of yellow fever (YF) epizootics at the peak of the dry season in the Cerrado areas of the state of Minas Gerais. In total, 917 mosquitoes from 13 taxa were collected and tested for the presence of YFV. Interestingly, mosquitoes of the Sabethes genus represented 95% of the diurnal captured specimens, displaying a peak of biting activity never previously recorded, between 4:30 and 5:30 p.m. Molecular analysis identified three YFV-positive pools, two from Sabethes chloropterus\u2014from which near-complete genomes were generated\u2014and one from Sa. albiprivus, whose low viral load prevented sequencing. Sa. chloropterus was considered the primary vector due to the high number of copies of YFV RNA and the high relative abundance detected. Its bionomic characteristics allow its survival in dry places and dry time periods. For the first time in Brazil, Sa. albiprivus was found to be naturally infected with YFV and may have played a role as a secondary vector. Despite its high relative abundance, fewer copies of viral RNA were found, as well as a lower Minimum Infection Rate (MIR). Genomic and phylogeographic analysis showed that the virus clustered in the sub-lineage YFVPA-MG, which circulated in Par\u00e1 in 2017 and then spread into other regions of the country. The results reported here contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology and mechanisms of YFV dispersion and maintenance, especially in adverse weather conditions. The intense viral circulation, even outside the seasonal period, increases the importance of surveillance and YFV vaccination to protect human populations in affected areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T03:50:45Z","timestamp":1678938645000},"page":"757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Yellow Fever Virus Maintained by Sabethes Mosquitoes during the Dry Season in Cerrado, a Semiarid Region of Brazil, in 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cirilo H.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Insect Behavior Laboratory, Federal Institute of Northern Minas Gerais, Salinas 39560-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9595-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel S.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baculovirus Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Sabin Diagn\u00f3stico e Sa\u00fade, Bras\u00edlia 70632-340, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabr\u00edcio S.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Campus of Gurupi, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi 77410-570, TO, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jader","family":"da C. Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Center of Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insect Behavior Laboratory, Federal Institute of Northern Minas Gerais, Salinas 39560-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon Silva","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insect Behavior Laboratory, Federal Institute of Northern Minas Gerais, Salinas 39560-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy Micaele","family":"Aquino-Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Insect Behavior Laboratory, Federal Institute of Northern Minas Gerais, Salinas 39560-000, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1731-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline AS","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Center of Health Surveillance, Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9718-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco AB","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization Office in Brazil, Bras\u00edlia 70800-400, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Simonini-Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anai\u00e1","family":"da P. Sev\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Oliveira Dias","family":"Temponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department of the State of Minas Gerais, State Coordination for Arbovirus Surveillance, Belo Horizonte 31630-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Maria","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department of the State of Minas Gerais, State Coordination for Arbovirus Surveillance, Belo Horizonte 31630-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2913-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agna Soares","family":"da Silva Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department 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Rio Grande do Sul State Health Department, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Mares-Guia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flavivirus Laboratory, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0556-8856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George R.","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5501-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro PM","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Coordination of Arbovirus 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