{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:16:11Z","timestamp":1788344171170,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province","award":["20YF3NA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20YF3NA005"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province","award":["21YF5WA153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YF5WA153"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province","award":["2022YB009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YB009"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province","award":["2022YB010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YB010"]}]},{"name":"Project Funds","award":["20YF3NA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20YF3NA005"]}]},{"name":"Project Funds","award":["21YF5WA153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YF5WA153"]}]},{"name":"Project Funds","award":["2022YB009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YB009"]}]},{"name":"Project Funds","award":["2022YB010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YB010"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology","award":["20YF3NA005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20YF3NA005"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology","award":["21YF5WA153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21YF5WA153"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology","award":["2022YB009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YB009"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology","award":["2022YB010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YB010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a multi-epitope vaccine appear as a best alternative approach to alleviate the cross-protection-associated problems. In order to facilitate the development of such a vaccine design approach, identification and prediction of the antigenic B and T cell epitopes along with determining the level of immunogenicity are essential bioinformatics steps. These steps are well applied in Eurasian serotypes, but very rare in South African Territories (SAT) Types, particularly in serotype SAT2. For this reason, the available scattered immunogenic information on SAT2 epitopes needs to be organized and clearly understood. Therefore, in this review, we compiled relevant bioinformatic reports about B and T cell epitopes of the incursionary SAT2 FMDV and the promising experimental demonstrations of such designed and developed vaccines against this serotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]],"date-time":"2023-03-21T06:56:48Z","timestamp":1679381808000},"page":"797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["B and T Cell Epitopes of the Incursionary Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 for Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-2075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashenafi Kiros","family":"Wubshet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Basics and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle 2084, Tigray, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National\/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livio","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-116","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease: Past, present and future","volume":"44","author":"Jamal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12373","article-title":"Review of the Global Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from 2007 to 2014","volume":"64","author":"Brito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2023, February 21). Available online: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/for-the-media\/editorials\/detail\/article\/fmd-the-oie-accepts-the-challenge\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.3.1350","article-title":"Review of the status of foot and mouth disease in countries of South America and approaches to control and eradication","volume":"21","author":"Melo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.018","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines","volume":"206","author":"Segundo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2019.113786","article-title":"FMD vaccine matching: Inter laboratory study for improved understanding of r1 values","volume":"276","author":"Willems","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.09.010","article-title":"Airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs: Evaluation and optimisation of instrumentation and techniques","volume":"179","author":"Doel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.032839-0","article-title":"Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data","volume":"92","author":"Maree","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wubshet, A.K., Dai, J., Li, Q., and Zhang, J. (2019). Review on Outbreak Dynamics, the Endemic Serotypes, and Diversified Topotypic Profiles of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Isolates in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2018. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111076"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18859-0","article-title":"The implications of virus diversity within the SAT 2 serotype for control of foot-and-mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"84","author":"Bastos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES12-00239.1","article-title":"Contacts and foot and mouth disease transmission from wild to domestic bovines in Africa","volume":"4","author":"Miguel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-3-609","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease type O viruses exhibit genetically and geographically distinct evolutionary lineages (topotypes)","volume":"82","author":"Samuel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, February 14). WRLFMD. Available online: http:\/\/www.wrlfmd.org\/east-africa\/ethiopia."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Roeder, P.L., and Knowles, N.J. (2008, January 14\u201317). Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type C Situation: The First Target for Eradication in Report of the Session of the Research Group of the Standing Technical Committee of EUFMD. Proceedings of the Open Session of the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Standing Technical Committee, Erice, Italy."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00260-5","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"91","author":"Knowles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1529-y","article-title":"Characterization of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype SAT2 in Egypt","volume":"158","author":"Kandeil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.11.4","article-title":"Development of vaccines toward the global control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease","volume":"10","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.50.3.957-959.1984","article-title":"Systematic nomenclature of picornavirus proteins","volume":"50","author":"Rueckert","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.30.1.2022","article-title":"Combining livestock trade patterns with phylogenetics to help understand the spread of foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia","volume":"30","author":"Knowles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2008.064","article-title":"The coming of age of virus-like particle vaccines","volume":"389","author":"Jennings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Belinda, B. (2004). Engineering of a Chimeric SAT2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus for Vaccine Production. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology University of Pretoria South Africa]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2016.1140042","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: Progress and problems","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.26.1.1733","article-title":"Antigen and vaccine banks: Technical requirements and the role of the european antigen bank in emergency foot and mouth disease vaccination","volume":"26","author":"Lombard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-268","article-title":"Research in advance for FMD Novel Vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"401","article-title":"Die aktive Immunisierung des Rindes gegen Maul- und Klauenseuche","volume":"138","author":"Waldmann","year":"1937","journal-title":"Zbl. Bakt. I. Orig."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"201","article-title":"Past and present vaccine development strategies for the control of foot-and-mouth disease","volume":"48","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"187","article-title":"Research on foot-and-mouth disease. III. The cultivation of the virus on a practical scale in explantations of bovine tongue epithelium","volume":"12","author":"Frenkel","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1987.9694134","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine production and research in The Netherlands","volume":"9","author":"Barteling","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/1951163a0","article-title":"Growth of a Cloned Strain of Hamster Kidney Cells in Suspended Cultures and their Susceptibility to the Virus of Foot-and-Mouth Disease","volume":"195","author":"Capstick","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.3.2.209-210.1976","article-title":"Inactivation of viruses in serum with binary ethyleneimine","volume":"3","author":"Bahnemann","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"205","article-title":"Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Development and Challenges in Inducing Long-Lasting Immunity: Trends and Current Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Kenubih","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-45-51","article-title":"Evaluation of a 3A-truncated foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs for its potential as a marker vaccine","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11675","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01254-12","article-title":"A Safe Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Platform with Two Negative Markers for Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals","volume":"86","author":"Uddowla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/194253a0","article-title":"Growth of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in a Fibroblastic Cell Line Derived from Hamster Kidneys","volume":"194","author":"Mowat","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01250944","article-title":"The development of an attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine by modification and cloning in tissue cultures of BHK 21 cells","volume":"26","author":"Mowat","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Gesamte. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02167-15","article-title":"Synonymous Deoptimization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Causes Attenuation In Vivo while Inducing a Strong Neutralizing Antibody Response","volume":"90","author":"Segundo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00029-2","article-title":"Protection of swine by live and inactivated vaccines prepared from a leader proteinase-deficient serotype A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"16","author":"Chinsangaram","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.8309","article-title":"Evaluation of a Live-Attenuated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus as a Vaccine Candidate","volume":"227","author":"Mason","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12520","article-title":"Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 7-Pathogenesis and Molecular Biology","volume":"63","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.04.006","article-title":"Evaluating the immunogenicity of chemically-synthesised peptides derived from foot-and-mouth disease VP1, VP2 and VP3 proteins as vaccine candidates","volume":"38","author":"Giraldo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1515\/tjb-2020-0110","article-title":"Synthetic peptide vaccine for Foot-and-Mouth Disease: Synthesis, characterization and immunogenicity","volume":"45","author":"Derman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04216-x","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: Recent updates and future perspectives","volume":"164","author":"Kamel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.6.4.591","article-title":"Design and development of synthetic peptide vaccines: Past, present and future","volume":"6","author":"Bijker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/298030a0","article-title":"Protection against foot-and-mouth disease by immunization with a chemically synthesized peptide predicted from the viral nucleotide sequence","volume":"298","author":"Bittle","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1892-9_5","article-title":"Phage T7 as a Potential Platform for Vaccine Development","volume":"2412","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.08.012","article-title":"Poly ICLC increases the potency of a replication-defective human adenovirus vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccine","volume":"468","author":"Segundo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.12.021","article-title":"Adenovirus-vectored foot-and-mouth disease vaccine confers early and full protection against FMDV O1 Manisa in swine","volume":"502","author":"Medina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.03.019","article-title":"Recombinant human adenovirus-5 expressing capsid proteins of Indian vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus elicits effective antibody response in cattle","volume":"203","author":"Sreenivasa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, W.S., Zhi, Y., Guo, H., Byun, E.-B., Lim, J.H., and Seo, H.S. (2020). Promotion of Cellular and Humoral Immunity against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Immunization with Virus-Like Particles Encapsulated in Monophosphoryl Lipid A and Liposomes. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040633"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.02.018","article-title":"Enhanced efficacy of a multi-epitope vaccine for type A and O foot-and-mouth disease virus by fusing multiple epitopes with Mycobacterium tuberculosis heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA), a novel TLR4 agonist","volume":"121","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2022.108479","article-title":"Preparation of a polysaccharide adjuvant and its application in the production of a foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles vaccine","volume":"184","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7365","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01318H","article-title":"A novel multiple emulsion enhanced immunity via its biomimetic delivery approach","volume":"8","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.02.010","article-title":"Enhanced immunogenicity of foot and mouth disease DNA vaccine delivered by PLGA nanoparticles combined with cytokine adjuvants","volume":"136","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.10.7442-7447.1997","article-title":"Plasmid DNA encoding replicating foot-and-mouth disease virus genomes induces antiviral immune responses in swine","volume":"71","author":"Ward","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00374-09","article-title":"Use of a Baculovirus-Expressed Structural Protein for the Detection of Antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type A by a Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay","volume":"17","author":"Ko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.03.013","article-title":"Computational tools for epitope vaccine design and evaluation","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.3096","article-title":"Structure-based energetics of protein interfaces guides foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine design","volume":"22","author":"Kotecha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2396","article-title":"Recent advances in the molecular design of synthetic vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12966","article-title":"Proof of principle for epitope-focused vaccine design","volume":"507","author":"Correia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32693-8","article-title":"Reconstructing the evolutionary history of pandemic foot-and-mouth disease viruses: The impact of recombination within the emerging O\/ME-SA\/Ind-2001 lineage","volume":"8","author":"Wadsworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biswal, J.K., Ranjan, R., Subramaniam, S., Mohapatra, J.K., Patidar, S., Sharma, M.K., Bertram, M.R., Brito, B., Rodriguez, L.L., and Pattnaik, B. (2019). Genetic and antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus during persistent infection in naturally infected cattle and Asian buffalo in India. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/586644"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6487-6504.2005","article-title":"Comparative Genomics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus","volume":"79","author":"Carrillo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"437","article-title":"Molecular differentiation and phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian foot-and-mouth disease virus SAT2","volume":"159","author":"Rizk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.096","article-title":"A foot-and-mouth disease SAT2 vaccine protects swine against experimental challenge with a homologous virus strain, irrespective of mild pathogenicity in this species","volume":"36","author":"Mouton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12522","article-title":"Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis: 2-Epidemiology, Wildlife and Economics","volume":"63","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (2023, January 10). (FAO) 2016. Available online: http:\/\/www.wrlfmd.org\/wrlfmd."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.190-197","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Egypt during 2013-2014: Molecular characterization of serotypes A, O, and SAT2","volume":"12","author":"Diab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8901","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01231-12","article-title":"Genome Sequences of SAT 2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses from Egypt and Palestinian Autonomous Territories (Gaza Strip)","volume":"86","author":"Knowles","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12015","article-title":"Emergence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus SAT 2 in Egypt During 2012","volume":"59","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease caused by serotype SAT2 in Egypt and Libya","volume":"25","author":"Lockhart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Empres. Watch."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.02.005","article-title":"FMD virus isolates: The candidate strains for polyvalent vaccine development in Ethiopia","volume":"126","author":"Ayelet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31856-x","article-title":"Chimeric O1K foot-and-mouth disease virus with SAT2 outer capsid as an FMD vaccine candidate","volume":"8","author":"Kotecha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Bastos, A.D.S. (2011). Molecular Epidemiology and Diagnosis of SAT-Type Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Southern Africa. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences University of Pretoria]."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-7-1457","article-title":"Persistent infection of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) with SAT-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses: Rate of fixation of mutations, antigenic change and interspecies transmission","volume":"77","author":"Vosloo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090091","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses, Ethiopia, 1981\u20132007","volume":"15","author":"Ayelet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01151.x","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses Collected from Sudan","volume":"57","author":"Habiela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(85)90437-X","article-title":"Multiple sites of recombination within the RNA genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"3","author":"King","year":"1985","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13249","article-title":"Serological and phylogenetic characterization of foot and mouth disease viruses from Uganda during cross-sectional surveillance study in cattle between 2014 and 2017","volume":"66","author":"Mwiine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.10.099","article-title":"Selection of vaccine strains for serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses (2007\u20132012) circulating in Southeast Asia, East Asia and Far East","volume":"35","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00261-7","article-title":"FMD vaccines","volume":"91","author":"Doel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.12.005","article-title":"RNA immunization can protect mice against foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"85","author":"Pulido","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.02.005","article-title":"The need for improved vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease","volume":"29","author":"Segundo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02312-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02312-16","article-title":"SAT2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Structurally Modified for Increased Thermostability","volume":"91","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Z., Yu, S., Wang, W., Chen, W., Wang, X., Wu, K., Li, X., Fan, S., Ding, H., and Yi, L. (2022). Development of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines in Recent Years. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111817"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052699","article-title":"Failure of vaccination to prevent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease","volume":"116","author":"Woolhouse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08842-w","article-title":"Exploring Leishmania secretory proteins to design B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine using immunoinformatics approach","volume":"7","author":"Khatoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7631","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27110","article-title":"Designing B- and T-cell multi-epitope based subunit vaccine using immunoinformatics approach to control Zika virus infection","volume":"119","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001194","article-title":"Potent neutralization activity against type O foot-and-mouth disease virus elicited by a conserved type O neutralizing epitope displayed on bovine parvovirus virus-like particles","volume":"100","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.18389","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a multi-epitope DNA vaccine against hantavirus","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.06.004","article-title":"Evaluation of a chimeric multi-epitope-based DNA vaccine against subgroup J avian leukosis virus in chickens","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2013.02.008","article-title":"Virus-like particles: The future of microbial factories and cell-free systems as platforms for vaccine development","volume":"24","author":"Sekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2006.07.018","article-title":"Virus-like particles: Passport to immune recognition","volume":"40","author":"Grgacic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2007.10.013","article-title":"Virus-like particles\u2014Universal molecular toolboxes","volume":"18","author":"Ludwig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reeve, R., Borley, D.W., Maree, F.F., Upadhyaya, S., Lukhwareni, A., Esterhuysen, J.J., Harvey, W.T., Blignaut, B., Fry, E.E., and Parida, S. (2016). Tracking the Antigenic Evolution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159360"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forner, M., Ca\u00f1as-Arranz, R., Defaus, S., de Le\u00f3n, P., Rodr\u00edguez-Pulido, M., Ganges, L., Blanco, E., Sobrino, F., and Andreu, D. (2021). Peptide-Based Vaccines: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus, a Paradigm in Animal Health. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050477"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1","article-title":"Developing Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease: A Biotechnological Approach","volume":"73","author":"Shahriari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Razi Inst."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-11-2919","article-title":"Serological Prospects for Peptide Vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus","volume":"70","author":"Parry","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/330168a0","article-title":"Non-responsiveness to a foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide overcome by addition of foreign helper T-cell determinants","volume":"330","author":"Francis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"(2023, January 16). United Biomedical Products. Available online: https:\/\/www.unitedbiomedical.com\/."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"2680160","article-title":"Fundamentals and Methods for T- and B-Cell Epitope Prediction","volume":"2017","author":"Reche","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12323","article-title":"A high-throughput shotgun mutagenesis approach to mapping B-cell antibody epitopes","volume":"143","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.03.544","article-title":"Clinical validation of the \u201cin silico\u201d prediction of immunogenicity of a human recombinant therapeutic protein","volume":"124","author":"Koren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"36","article-title":"Epitope Based Vaccine Designing\u2014A mini review","volume":"6","author":"Arya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vaccines Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4137\/EBO.S17027","article-title":"Evolutionary Analysis and Prediction of Peptide Vaccine Candidates for Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus Types A and O in Bangladesh","volume":"10","author":"Momtaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evol. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"23","article-title":"Prediction of secondary structure and B cell epitope of structural protein of FMD virus","volume":"34","author":"Yun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chin. Vet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(78)90297-8","article-title":"Analysis of the accuracy and implications of simple methods for predicting the secondary structure of globular proteins","volume":"120","author":"Garnier","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Chou, P.Y. (1990). Prediction of the Secondary Structure of Protein Conformation, Plenum Press."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(82)90515-0","article-title":"A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein","volume":"157","author":"Kyte","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01195768","article-title":"Prediction of chain flexibility in proteins","volume":"72","author":"Karplus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.55.3.836-839.1985","article-title":"Induction of hepatitis A virus-neutralizing antibody by a virus-specific synthetic peptide","volume":"55","author":"Emini","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/4.1.181","article-title":"The antigenic index: A novel algorithm for predicting antigenic determinants","volume":"4","author":"Jameson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-4-775","article-title":"Antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV): An analysis of the specificities of anti-FMDV antibodies after vaccination of naturally susceptible host species","volume":"83","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2019.2923396","article-title":"Predicting the Antigenic Relationship of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus for Vaccine Selection Through a Computational Model","volume":"18","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(90)90269-W","article-title":"Sequence analysis of monoclonal antibody resistant mutants of type O foot and mouth disease virus: Evidence for the involvement of the three surface exposed capsid proteins in four antigenic sites","volume":"179","author":"Kitson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-8-1547","article-title":"Identification of a fifth neutralizable site on type O foot-and-mouth disease virus following characterization of single and quintuple monoclonal antibody escape mutants","volume":"74","author":"Crowther","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-6-1483","article-title":"Neutralizing Epitopes of Type O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. I. Identification and Characterization of Three Functionally Independent, Conformational Sites","volume":"70","author":"Barnett","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-71-3-629","article-title":"A single amino acid substitution affects multiple overlapping epitopes in the major antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype C","volume":"71","author":"Mateu","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(00)00014-9","article-title":"The structure and antigenicity of a type C foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"2","author":"Lea","year":"1994","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.8.2782-2789.1988","article-title":"Antigenic sites on foot-and-mouth disease virus type A10","volume":"62","author":"Thomas","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.5.2518-2524.1991","article-title":"Identification of neutralizing antigenic sites on VP1 and VP2 of type A5 foot-and-mouth disease virus, defined by neutralization-resistant variants","volume":"65","author":"Saiz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.048249-0","article-title":"Mapping of antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia 1 and relationships with sites described in other serotypes","volume":"94","author":"Grazioli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007016","article-title":"Identification of a novel foot-and-mouth disease virus specific T-cell epitope with immunodominant characteristics in cattle with MHC serotype A31","volume":"38","author":"Gerner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.3.1407-1417.1994","article-title":"Antigenic heterogeneity of a foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype in the field is mediated by very limited sequence variation at several antigenic sites","volume":"68","author":"Mateu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(97)00117-2","article-title":"Neutralization antigenic sites on type Asia-1 foot-and-mouth disease virus defined by monoclonal antibody-resistant variants","volume":"52","author":"Butchaiah","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borley, D.W., Mahapatra, M., Paton, D.J., Esnouf, R.M., Stuart, D., and Fry, E. (2013). Evaluation and Use of In-Silico Structure-Based Epitope Prediction with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061122"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.011","article-title":"Screening and identification of B cell epitopes of structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1","volume":"140","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1998.9694958","article-title":"Detection of cattle exposed to foot-and-mouth disease virus by means of an indirect ELISA test using bioengineered nonstructural polyprotein 3ABC","volume":"20","author":"Malirat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"564","article-title":"Recombinant vaccine containing both b cell and t cell epitopes induces guinea pig in immune responses against type O foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Fudan Univ."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09691-5","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant proteins consisting of multiple epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus fused with flagellin","volume":"103","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-4-967","article-title":"Protection conferred by TrpE fusion proteins containing portions of the C-terminal region of capsid protein VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"72","author":"Giavedoni","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"1","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a recombinant fusion protein of tandem repeat epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus type Asia 1 for guinea pigs","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-6129-1","article-title":"Efficacy of synthetic peptide candidate vaccines against serotype-A foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00236-10","article-title":"Promising Multiple-Epitope Recombinant Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type O in Swine","volume":"18","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.01.038","article-title":"High potency vaccines induce protection against heterologous challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"26","author":"Brehm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00328979","article-title":"Peptides as viral vaccines: Lessons from experiments with foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Michelle, M. (2015). The in silico Prediction of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Epitopes on the South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT2 and SAT3 Serotypes. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of South Africa]."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8307","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00470-14","article-title":"Determining the Epitope Dominance on the Capsid of a Serotype SAT2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Mutational Analyses","volume":"88","author":"Opperman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25554","article-title":"Artificially designed hepatitis B virus core particles composed of multiple epitopes of type A and O foot-and-mouth disease virus as a bivalent vaccine candidate","volume":"91","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3304-6","article-title":"Identification of a conserved conformational epitope in the VP2 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"162","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"1638","article-title":"Screening of major epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus type SAT2 and their antigenicity analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Vet."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.2.226","article-title":"Antigenic determinants in proteins coincide with surface regions accessible to large probes (antibody domains)","volume":"83","author":"Handschumacher","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800057083","article-title":"Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against a type SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"111","author":"Crowther","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.2.749","article-title":"A T cell epitope in VP1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus is immunodominant for vaccinated cattle","volume":"146","author":"Collen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.7.3164-3174.2001","article-title":"Identification of T-Cell Epitopes in Nonstructural Proteins of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus","volume":"75","author":"Blanco","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-66","article-title":"Inclusion of a specific T cell epitope increases the protection conferred against foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs by a linear peptide containing an immunodominant B cell site","volume":"9","author":"Cubillos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.J., Jo, H., Park, S.H., Ko, M.-K., Kim, S.-M., Kim, B., and Park, J.-H. (2020). Advanced Foot-And-Mouth Disease Vaccine Platform for Stimulation of Simultaneous Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020254"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7486","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.13.7486-7491.2003","article-title":"Intranasal Immunization of Guinea Pigs with an Immunodominant Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Peptide Conjugate Induces Mucosal and Humoral Antibodies and Protection against Challenge","volume":"77","author":"Fischer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(88)80024-0","article-title":"Use of peptides for immunization againast foot-and-mouth disease","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3008333","article-title":"Protection of Cattle Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease by a Synthetic Peptide","volume":"232","author":"DiMarchi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.01.40","article-title":"Protection of cattle and swine against foot-and-mouth disease, using biosynthetic peptide vaccines","volume":"51","author":"Morgan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.03.005","article-title":"Full protection of swine against foot-and-mouth disease by a bivalent B-cell epitope dendrimer peptide","volume":"129","author":"Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2014.963562","article-title":"Adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines: Recent progress","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.111","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants revisited","volume":"25","author":"Aguilar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1989.054.01.003","article-title":"Approaching the Asymptote? Evolution and Revolution in Immunology","volume":"54","author":"Janeway","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00382","article-title":"Biodegradable Imiquimod-Loaded Mesoporous Organosilica as a Nanocarrier and Adjuvant for Enhanced and Prolonged Immunity against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Mice","volume":"5","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02689-6","article-title":"Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles as an adjuvant for inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in pigs","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.7.10.1551","article-title":"Adjuvants in vaccines and for immunisation: Current trends","volume":"7","author":"Chiarella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.08.072","article-title":"CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and montanide ISA 206 adjuvant combination augments the immune responses of a recombinant FMDV vaccine in cattle","volume":"29","author":"Ren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00018-09","article-title":"Innate Immune Defenses Induced by CpG Do Not Promote Vaccine-Induced Protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Pigs","volume":"16","author":"Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0863-1","article-title":"Adjuvants and delivery systems in veterinary vaccinology: Current state and future developments","volume":"156","author":"Heegaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2017.0049","article-title":"Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines","volume":"31","author":"Burakova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.11.005","article-title":"TLR3: Interferon induction by double-stranded RNA including poly(I:C)","volume":"60","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.02.196","article-title":"Triggering of TLR3 by polyI:C in human corneal epithelial cells to induce inflammatory cytokines","volume":"331","author":"Ueta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00300-X","article-title":"Response of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells to CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"78","author":"Kamstrup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"701","article-title":"Progress in the study of immuno-pharmacology of yupingfeng powder","volume":"18","author":"Hou","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi Jiehe Zazhi = Chin. J. Integr. Tradit. West. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(02)00185-5","article-title":"Propolis, an old remedy used in modern medicine","volume":"73","author":"Castaldo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.21010\/ajtcam.v14i4.2","article-title":"Raw rehmannia radix polysaccharide can effectively release peroxidative injury induced by duck hepatitis a virus","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.04.027","article-title":"Improvement of a commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine by supplement of Quil A","volume":"25","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/797\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:59:43Z","timestamp":1760122783000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/3\/797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"references-count":168,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v15030797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15030797","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]}}}