{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:51:54Z","timestamp":1790718714517,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brockman Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can lead to encephalitis and death in susceptible hosts. Cytokines play a critical role in inflammation and immunity in response to WNV infection. Murine models provide evidence that some cytokines offer protection against acute WNV infection and assist with viral clearance, while others play a multifaceted role WNV neuropathogenesis and immune-mediated tissue damage. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review of cytokine expression patterns in human and experimental animal models of WNV infections. Here, we outline the interleukins, chemokines, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands associated with WNV infection and pathogenesis and describe the complex roles they play in mediating both protection and pathology of the central nervous system during or after virus clearance. By understanding of the role of these cytokines during WNV neuroinvasive infection, we can develop treatment options aimed at modulating these immune molecules in order to reduce neuroinflammation and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T07:46:43Z","timestamp":1679471203000},"page":"806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Interleukins, Chemokines, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Emna","family":"Benzarti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristy O.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Ronca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.003245","article-title":"Flavivirus Genome Organization, Expression, and Replication","volume":"44","author":"Chambers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. 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