{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:26:54Z","timestamp":1791581214128,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland","award":["AGP 117910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGP 117910"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytomegalovirus infection is the most common congenital infection, affecting about 1% of births worldwide. Several primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies are already available during the prenatal period to help mitigate the immediate and long-term consequences of this infection. In this review, we aim to present and assess the efficacy of these strategies, including educating pregnant women and women of childbearing age on their knowledge of hygiene measures, development of vaccines, screening for cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy (systematic versus targeted), prenatal diagnosis and prognostic assessments, and preventive and curative treatments in utero.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T04:31:05Z","timestamp":1679632265000},"page":"819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Pauline","family":"Sartori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7367-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Egloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gyn\u00e9cologie Obst\u00e9trique, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4643-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najeh","family":"Hcini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, French 97320, Guyana"},{"name":"CIC Inserm 1424 et DFR Sant\u00e9 Universit\u00e9 Guyane, 97320 ST Laurent du Maroni, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Vauloup Fellous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1193, 94804 Villejuif, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, H\u00f4pital Paul-Brousse, 94804 Villejuif, France"},{"name":"Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), 75000 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"P\u00e9rillaud-Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France"},{"name":"Virology Laboratory, AP-HP, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Picone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gyn\u00e9cologie Obst\u00e9trique, H\u00f4pital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 75006 Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France"},{"name":"Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), 75000 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3021-8129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9o","family":"Pomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.08.027","article-title":"Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of infections during pregnancy: Implementation of recommended interventions, United States, 2003\u20132004","volume":"206","author":"Koumans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxaa083","article-title":"Update on congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Prenatal prevention, newborn diagnosis, and management","volume":"25","author":"Barton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23601","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy","volume":"109","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.12.006","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy\u2014An update","volume":"258","author":"Navti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.655","article-title":"Review of cytomegalovirus seroprevalence and demographic characteristics associated with infection","volume":"20","author":"Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.12.049","article-title":"A 10-year prospective study of sensorineural hearing loss in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"153","author":"Foulon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.03.052","article-title":"Feasibility of predicting the outcome of fetal infection with cytomegalovirus at the time of prenatal diagnosis","volume":"215","author":"Stirnemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.09.017","article-title":"Importance of congenital cytomegalovirus infections as a cause for pre-lingual hearing loss","volume":"35","author":"Nance","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.544","article-title":"New estimates of the prevalence of neurological and sensory sequelae and mortality associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"17","author":"Dollard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.02.018","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy: State of the science","volume":"223","author":"Foulon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-08","article-title":"Neuropathogenesis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Disease mechanisms and prospects for intervention","volume":"22","author":"Cheeran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.10.024","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus among Children with Cerebral Palsy","volume":"181","author":"Badawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5757","article-title":"Is it time for routine prenatal serological screening for congenital cytomegalovirus?","volume":"40","author":"Ville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526518666181009093725","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Prevention, Awareness and Policy Recommendations\u2014A Scoping Study","volume":"20","author":"Midgley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug. Targets"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5495927","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5495927","article-title":"Knowledge of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Prevention in Pregnant Women: A Baseline, Operational Survey","volume":"2017","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"23","article-title":"Prevention of maternal cytomegalovirus infection: Current status and future prospects","volume":"2","author":"Nyholm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2010.07.016","article-title":"[Is maternal infection with cytomegalovirus prevention possible?]","volume":"38","author":"Cordier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.5114\/fmpcr\/62876","article-title":"Primary health care tasks in implementing the main operations of public health","volume":"18","author":"Tyszko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fam. Madicine Prim. Care Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Bloom, M. (1996). Primary Prevention Practices, SAGE Publications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billette de Villemeur, A., Tattevin, P., Salmi, L.R., and French Haut Conseil de la sante publique Working, G. (2020). Hygiene promotion might be better than serological screening to deal with Cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy: A methodological appraisal and decision analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05139-8"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104335","article-title":"Evolution of awareness and knowledge of congenital cytomegalovirus infection among health care providers in France between 2011 and 2018","volume":"129","author":"Fellah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27589","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027589","article-title":"Survey of physician knowledge of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and clinical practices in Japan: A web-based survey","volume":"100","author":"Okahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13500","article-title":"eLearning significantly improves maternity professionals\u2019 knowledge of the congenital cytomegalovirus prevention guidelines","volume":"62","author":"Swinburn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23596","article-title":"Outcome of pregnancies with recent primary cytomegalovirus infection in first trimester treated with hyperimmunoglobulin: Observational study","volume":"57","author":"Kagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.08.003","article-title":"Prevention of Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Revello","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000777","article-title":"Prevention strategies for congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"34","author":"Tol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2021.05.015","article-title":"Guideline No. 420: Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy","volume":"43","author":"Boucoiran","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"126","article-title":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et diagnostic virologique de l\u2019infection cong\u00e9nitale \u00e0 cytom\u00e9galovirus (CMV)","volume":"204","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elsevier Masson SAS"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.659","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus seroconversion rates and risk factors: Implications for congenital CMV","volume":"20","author":"Hyde","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.07.020","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus quantification in toddlers saliva from day care centers and emergency unit: A feasibility study","volume":"61","author":"Grosjean","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4118","article-title":"A series of 238 cytomegalovirus primary infections during pregnancy: Description and outcome","volume":"33","author":"Picone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.03.009","article-title":"Awareness of and behaviors related to child-to-mother transmission of cytomegalovirus","volume":"54","author":"Cannon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiopris, G., Veronese, P., Cusenza, F., Procaccianti, M., Perrone, S., Dacco, V., Colombo, C., and Esposito, S. (2020). Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101516"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.31486\/toj.18.0095","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection","volume":"19","author":"Dietrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadar, E., Dorfman, E., Bardin, R., Gabbay-Benziv, R., Amir, J., and Pardo, J. (2017). Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease following non-primary maternal infection: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2161-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1169521","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus non-primary infection during pregnancy. Can serology help with diagnosis?","volume":"30","author":"Picone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix337","article-title":"Risk Factors for Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Following Primary and Nonprimary Maternal Infection: A Prospective Neonatal Screening Study Using Polymerase Chain Reaction in Saliva","volume":"65","author":"Magny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1279344","article-title":"Primary versus non-primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection as a cause of symptomatic congenital infection\u2014Register-based study from Finland","volume":"49","author":"Puhakka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2020.1773651","article-title":"Non-primary CMV infection not always innocent. A case-report and literature review","volume":"77","author":"Arnouts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.1.55","article-title":"Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in infants born to mothers with preexisting immunity to cytomegalovirus","volume":"104","author":"Boppana","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548409087131","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus infection and disease in Sweden and the relative importance of primary and secondary maternal infections. Preliminary findings from a prospective study","volume":"16","author":"Ahlfors","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.11.018","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus reinfection is associated with intrauterine transmission in a highly cytomegalovirus-immune maternal population","volume":"202","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0301","article-title":"Pregnant women\u2019s knowledge and behaviour to prevent cytomegalovirus infection: An observational study","volume":"49","author":"Vena","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvert, A., Vandrevala, T., Parsons, R., Barber, V., Book, A., Book, G., Carrington, D., Greening, V., Griffiths, P., and Hake, D. (2021). Changing knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards cytomegalovirus in pregnancy through film-based antenatal education: A feasibility randomised controlled trial of a digital educational intervention. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03979-z"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.09.002","article-title":"Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) epidemiology and awareness","volume":"46","author":"Cannon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suga, S., Fujioka, K., Nakasone, R., Abe, S., Fukushima, S., Ashina, M., Nishida, K., Nozu, K., Iijima, K., and Tanimura, K. (2021). Changes in awareness and knowledge concerning mother-to-child infections among Japanese pregnant women between 2012 and 2018. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244945"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereboom, M.T., Mannien, J., Spelten, E.R., Schellevis, F.G., and Hutton, E.K. (2013). Observational study to assess pregnant women\u2019s knowledge and behaviour to prevent toxoplasmosis, listeriosis and cytomegalovirus. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-98"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-021-01029-w","article-title":"Awareness and knowledge of congenital cytomegalovirus infection among pregnant women and the general public: A web-based survey in Japan","volume":"26","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2007.0523","article-title":"Women\u2019s knowledge of congenital cytomegalovirus: Results from the 2005 HealthStyles survey","volume":"17","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almishaal, A.A. (2022). Knowledge of cytomegalovirus infection among women in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274863"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"947","article-title":"Awareness and Preventative Behaviours Regarding Toxoplasma, Listeria and Cytomegalovirus Among Pregnant Women","volume":"112","author":"Basit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ir. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2016.09.008","article-title":"Women\u2019s attitudes toward practicing cytomegalovirus prevention behaviors","volume":"4","author":"Thackeray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12978","article-title":"Knowledge of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) in pregnant women in Australia is low, and improved with education","volume":"59","author":"Lazzaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.01.035","article-title":"Perspectives of women on screening and prevention of CMV in pregnancy","volume":"258","author":"Beaudoin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S276214","article-title":"Development and Assessment of a Prenatal Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Educational Survey: Implementation and Impact in a Metropolitan University-Based Clinic","volume":"12","author":"Schaefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.12.031","article-title":"Awareness of cytomegalovirus infection among pregnant women in France","volume":"53","author":"Cordier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15285","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph121214982","article-title":"Awareness of Cytomegalovirus Infection among Pregnant Women in Geneva, Switzerland: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"12","author":"Willame","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"w14325","article-title":"Heterogeneity in testing practices for infections during pregnancy: National survey across Switzerland","volume":"146","author":"Kahlert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80383","DOI":"10.1155\/IDOG\/2006\/80383","article-title":"Knowledge and awareness of congenital cytomegalovirus among women","volume":"2006","author":"Jeon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tastad, K.J., Schleiss, M.R., Lammert, S.M., and Basta, N.E. (2019). Awareness of congenital cytomegalovirus and acceptance of maternal and newborn screening. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221725"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.12.025","article-title":"Awareness of and attitudes toward congenital cytomegalovirus infection among pregnant women in Singapore","volume":"117","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.09.003","article-title":"Does hygiene counseling have an impact on the rate of CMV primary infection during pregnancy? Results of a 3-year prospective study in a French hospital","volume":"46","author":"Picone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e3182510b7b","article-title":"Prevention of maternal and congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"55","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/cga.12030","article-title":"Awareness of and knowledge about mother-to-child infections in Japanese pregnant women","volume":"54","author":"Morioka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Congenit. Anom. (Kyoto)"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Price, S.M., Bonilla, E., Zador, P., Levis, D.M., Kilgo, C.L., and Cannon, M.J. (2014). Educating women about congenital cytomegalovirus: Assessment of health education materials through a web-based survey. BMC Womens Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-014-0144-3"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannon, M.J., Stowell, J.D., Clark, R., Dollard, P.R., Johnson, D., Mask, K., Stover, C., Wu, K., Amin, M., and Hendley, W. (2014). Repeated measures study of weekly and daily cytomegalovirus shedding patterns in saliva and urine of healthy cytomegalovirus-seropositive children. BMC Infect. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0569-1"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105319884609","article-title":"Understanding pregnant women\u2019s readiness to engage in risk-reducing measures to prevent infections during pregnancy","volume":"26","author":"Vandrevala","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199603000-00013","article-title":"Prevention of child-to-mother transmission of cytomegalovirus by changing behaviors: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Adler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.05.041","article-title":"Prevention of child-to-mother transmission of cytomegalovirus among pregnant women","volume":"145","author":"Adler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.05.030","article-title":"Pregestational, periconceptional, and gestational primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection: Prenatal diagnosis in 508 pregnancies","volume":"205","author":"Feldman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103249","article-title":"Experiences of pregnant women and healthcare professionals of participating in a digital antenatal CMV education intervention","volume":"106","author":"Montague","year":"2022","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2009.09.006","article-title":"Awareness of congenital cytomegalovirus among doctors in the Netherlands","volume":"46","author":"Korver","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.03.023","article-title":"Survey of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) knowledge among medical students","volume":"60","author":"Baer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJA-20-00167","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Survey Evaluating Awareness of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Among Audiologists and Speech-Language Pathologists","volume":"30","author":"Dedhia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muldoon, K.M., Armstrong-Heimsoth, A., and Thomas, J. (2017). Knowledge of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) among physical and occupational therapists in the United States. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185635"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.04.007","article-title":"Maternal cytomegalovirus infection prevention: The role of Dutch primary care midwives","volume":"30","author":"Pereboom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0470-4","article-title":"What family doctors know about congenital CMV: A regional survey in Iran","volume":"44","author":"Karami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.06.022","article-title":"Awareness and knowledge of congenital cytomegalovirus infection among health care providers in France","volume":"55","author":"Cordier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1344968","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and pregnancy-potential for improvements in Australasian maternity health providers\u2019 knowledge","volume":"31","author":"Shand","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8875494","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8875494","article-title":"Improving Obstetric Provider Congenital Cytomegalovirus Knowledge and Practices","volume":"2020","author":"Pesch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.04.001","article-title":"What information do Dutch midwives give clients about toxoplasmosis, listeriosis and cytomegalovirus prevention? An exploratory study of videotaped consultations","volume":"96","author":"Pereboom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarpini, S., Morigi, F., Betti, L., Dondi, A., Biagi, C., and Lanari, M. (2021). Development of a Vaccine against Human Cytomegalovirus: Advances, Barriers, and Implications for the Clinical Practice. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060551"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-018-0074-4","article-title":"A new era in cytomegalovirus vaccinology: Considerations for rational design of next-generation vaccines to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"3","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-7230-7_13","article-title":"Vaccine Development for Cytomegalovirus","volume":"1045","author":"Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-100220-010653","article-title":"Lessons from Acquired Natural Immunity and Clinical Trials to Inform Next-Generation Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Development","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, S., Chiopris, G., Messina, G., D\u2019Alvano, T., Perrone, S., and Principi, N. (2021). Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection with Vaccines: State of the Art. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050523"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11884","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01701-15","article-title":"Vaccine-Derived Neutralizing Antibodies to the Human Cytomegalovirus gH\/gL Pentamer Potently Block Primary Cytotrophoblast Infection","volume":"89","author":"Chiuppesi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lilleri, D., Kabanova, A., Revello, M.G., Percivalle, E., Sarasini, A., Genini, E., Sallusto, F., Lanzavecchia, A., Corti, D., and Gerna, G. (2013). Fetal human cytomegalovirus transmission correlates with delayed maternal antibodies to gH\/gL\/pUL128-130-131 complex during primary infection. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059863"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.8.1008","article-title":"Maternal immunity and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"289","author":"Fowler","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1086\/512245","article-title":"Development of human cytomegalovirus-specific T cell immunity during primary infection of pregnant women and its correlation with virus transmission to the fetus","volume":"195","author":"Lilleri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix622","article-title":"Human Cytomegalovirus-Specific Memory CD4+ T-Cell Response and Its Correlation With Virus Transmission to the Fetus in Pregnant Women With Primary Infection","volume":"65","author":"Fornara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00268-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00268-17","article-title":"Progress toward Development of a Vaccine against Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection","volume":"24","author":"Schleiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schleiss, M.R., and Diamond, D.J. (2020). Exciting Times for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Vaccine Development: Navigating the Pathways toward the Goal of Protecting Infants against Congenital CMV Infection. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030526"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.11.056","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB) vaccine in adolescent girls: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Bernstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804749","article-title":"Vaccine prevention of maternal cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"360","author":"Pass","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection\/re-infection: Development of a protective HCMV vaccine","volume":"42","author":"Gerna","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"10","article-title":"Un vaccin \u00e0 ARNm contre le cytom\u00e9galovirus","volume":"2022","author":"Manus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Francoph. Lab."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00806-7","article-title":"Virus-like particles: Preparation, immunogenicity and their roles as nanovaccines and drug nanocarriers","volume":"19","author":"Nooraei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabata, T., Petitt, M., Fang-Hoover, J., Freed, D.C., Li, F., An, Z., Wang, D., Fu, T.M., and Pereira, L. (2019). Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Reduce Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and Spread in Developing Placentas. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040135"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Contreras, H., Wussow, F., Fernandez-Alarcon, C., Bierle, C., Nguyen, J., Diamond, D.J., and Schleiss, M.R. (2019). MVA-Vectored Pentameric Complex (PC) and gB Vaccines Improve Pregnancy Outcome after Guinea Pig CMV Challenge, but Only gB Vaccine Reduces Vertical Transmission. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040182"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26824","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell donor vaccination with cytomegalovirus triplex augments frequencies of functional and durable cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in the recipient: A novel strategy to limit antiviral prophylaxis","volume":"98","author":"Aldoss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommerer, C., Schmitt, A., Huckelhoven-Krauss, A., Giese, T., Bruckner, T., Wang, L., Schnitzler, P., Meuer, S., Zeier, M., and Schmitt, M. (2021). Peptide Vaccination against Cytomegalovirus Induces Specific T Cell Response in Responses in CMV Seronegative End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020133"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.04.011","article-title":"Maternal immune correlates of protection against placental transmission of cytomegalovirus","volume":"60","author":"Itell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1086\/522428","article-title":"A framework for assessing immunological correlates of protection in vaccine trials","volume":"196","author":"Qin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz428","article-title":"Immune Correlates of Protection Against Human Cytomegalovirus Acquisition, Replication, and Disease","volume":"221","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02392-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02392-16","article-title":"Congenital Human Cytomegalovirus Infection and the Enigma of Maternal Immunity","volume":"91","author":"Britt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, A.C., Griffiths, P.D., and Reeves, M.B. (2019). The Humoral Immune Response Against the gB Vaccine: Lessons Learnt from Protection in Solid Organ Transplantation. Vaccines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7030067"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13228","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy: Prevention, Presentation, Management and Neonatal Outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Pesch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Kisling, L.A., and Das, J.M. (2022). Prevention Strategies, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1814","article-title":"Prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus complications by maternal and neonatal treatments: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Hamilton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23863","article-title":"The combination of specific IgM antibodies and IgG antibodies of low avidity does not always indicate primary infection with cytomegalovirus","volume":"86","author":"Lumley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16966","article-title":"Leaning towards Cytomegalovirus serological screening in pregnancy to prevent congenital infection: A cost-effectiveness perspective","volume":"129","author":"Seror","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05728-7","article-title":"Fetal and maternal outcome after hyperimmunoglobulin administration for prevention of maternal-fetal transmission of cytomegalovirus during pregnancy: Retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"302","author":"Seidel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1398081","article-title":"Hyperimmune globulin in pregnancy for the prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus disease","volume":"15","author":"Nigro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31868-7","article-title":"Valaciclovir to prevent vertical transmission of cytomegalovirus after maternal primary infection during pregnancy: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Pardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1913569","article-title":"A Trial of Hyperimmune Globulin to Prevent Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection","volume":"385","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2021.100356","article-title":"Advocating for cytomegalovirus maternal serologic screening in the first trimester of pregnancy: If you do not know where you are going, you will wind up somewhere else","volume":"3","author":"Ville","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.12.012","article-title":"Role of prenatal diagnosis and counseling in the management of 735 pregnancies complicated by primary human cytomegalovirus infection: A 20-year experience","volume":"50","author":"Revello","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104641","article-title":"Positive predictive values of CMV-IgM and importance of CMV-IgG avidity testing in detecting primary infection in three different clinical settings. A French retrospective cohort study","volume":"132","author":"Bouthry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(14)70011-8","article-title":"Role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific antibody in HCMV-infected pregnant women","volume":"90","author":"Revello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.09.002","article-title":"Evaluation of the new LIAISON((R)) CMV IgG, IgM and IgG Avidity II assays","volume":"72","author":"Delforge","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit059","article-title":"Prediction of fetal infection in cases with cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin M in the first trimester of pregnancy: A retrospective cohort","volume":"56","author":"Sellier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05228-11","article-title":"National prevalence estimates for cytomegalovirus IgM and IgG avidity and association between high IgM antibody titer and low IgG avidity","volume":"18","author":"Dollard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1086\/513996","article-title":"Value of cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG avidity index for the diagnosis of primary CMV infection in pregnant women","volume":"175","author":"Mayaux","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00487-14","article-title":"Role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG avidity testing in diagnosing primary CMV infection during pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Prince","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00013","article-title":"Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Narrative Review of the Issues in Screening and Management From a Panel of European Experts","volume":"8","author":"Lazzarotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perillaud-Dubois, C., Letamendia, E., Bouthry, E., Rafek, R., Thouard, I., Vieux-Combe, C., Picone, O., Cordier, A.G., and Vauloup-Fellous, C. (2022). Cytomegalovirus Specific Serological and Molecular Markers in a Series of Pregnant Women With Cytomegalovirus Non Primary Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112425"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01499-07","article-title":"Prediction of cytomegalovirus (CMV) plasma load from evaluation of CMV whole-blood load in samples from renal transplant recipients","volume":"46","author":"Garrigue","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.10.002","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus DNAemia in pregnant women","volume":"61","author":"Revello","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00281-08","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for detection of cytomegalovirus strain-specific antibody responses","volume":"16","author":"Novak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1086\/657412","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus viruria and DNAemia in healthy seropositive women","volume":"202","author":"Arora","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1086\/314939","article-title":"Asymptomatic primary cytomegalovirus infection: Virologic and immunologic features","volume":"180","author":"Zanghellini","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.03.004","article-title":"Presence of Cytomegalovirus in urine and blood of pregnant women with primary infection might be associated with fetal infection","volume":"90","author":"Delforge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zlatkin, R., Bilavsky, E., Pardo, J., Salman, L., Bardin, R., Hadar, E., and Shmueli, A. (2021). The association between maternal cytomegalovirus urinary excretion and congenital infection rate. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04194-6"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.02.013","article-title":"Use of serial maternal urine cytomegalovirus PCR to detect primary CMV infection in seronegative pregnant women","volume":"119","author":"Khare","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4ffer, L.O.N., Boulvain, M., Baud, D., Raio, L., Duppenthaler, A., de Tejada, B.M., Iffb, S., Tercanli, S., and Surbek, D. (2022, February 22). Cytom\u00e9galovirus (CMV) et Grossesse. Available online: https:\/\/www.sggg.ch\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/73_Cytomegalievirus_und_Schwangerschaft_F_aktualisiert.pdf."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.07.056","article-title":"Screening and treating for primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: Where do we stand? A decision-analytic and economic analysis","volume":"201","author":"Cahill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676495","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Screening in Pregnancy: A Cost-Effectiveness and Threshold Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Albright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23685","article-title":"Secondary prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection with valacyclovir following maternal primary infection in early pregnancy","volume":"58","author":"Fourgeaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Antonio, F., Marinceu, D., Prasad, S., and Khalil, A. (2022). Effectiveness and safety of prenatal valacyclovir for congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol.","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26136"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.26039","article-title":"New data on efficacy of valaciclovir in secondary prevention of maternal-fetal transmission of CMV","volume":"61","author":"Egloff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100676","article-title":"Universal first-trimester cytomegalovirus screening and valaciclovir prophylaxis in pregnant persons: A cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"4","author":"Fisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28391","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28391","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of maternal and neonatal screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Japan","volume":"95","author":"Aoki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02139.x","article-title":"A 2-year study on cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy in a French hospital","volume":"116","author":"Picone","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.07.005","article-title":"Intrauterine transmission and clinical outcome of 248 pregnancies with primary cytomegalovirus infection in relation to gestational age","volume":"52","author":"Enders","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.05.038","article-title":"Timing of primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection and rates of vertical transmission and fetal consequences","volume":"223","author":"Chatzakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.10.3350-3352.1999","article-title":"Quantification of human cytomegalovirus DNA in amniotic fluid of mothers of congenitally infected fetuses","volume":"37","author":"Revello","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.02.042","article-title":"Diagnosis and antenatal management of congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"214","author":"Hughes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23608","article-title":"First-trimester diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection after maternal primary infection in early pregnancy: Feasibility study of viral genome amplification by PCR on chorionic villi obtained by CVS","volume":"57","author":"Fourgeaud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1086\/515277","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus in blood of immunocompetent persons during primary infection: Prognostic implications for pregnancy","volume":"177","author":"Revello","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905133401903","article-title":"Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group","volume":"340","author":"Lowance","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01627-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01627-20","article-title":"Investigational Antiviral Therapy Models for the Prevention and Treatment of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection during Pregnancy","volume":"65","author":"Hamilton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faure Bardon, V., Peytavin, G., Le, M.P., Guilleminot, T., Elefant, E., Stirnemann, J., Leruez-Ville, M., and Ville, Y. (2020). Placental transfer of Letermovir & Maribavir in the ex vivo human cotyledon perfusion model. New perspectives for in utero treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232140"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-017-0512-3","article-title":"Intrauterine therapy of cytomegalovirus infection with valganciclovir: Review of the literature","volume":"206","author":"Seidel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310214","article-title":"A randomized trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus","volume":"370","author":"Revello","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1159\/000518508","article-title":"Serial Monitoring and Hyperimmunoglobulin versus Standard of Care to Prevent Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Phase III Randomized Trial","volume":"48","author":"Devlieger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19164","article-title":"Prevention of maternal-fetal transmission of cytomegalovirus after primary maternal infection in the first trimester by biweekly hyperimmunoglobulin administration","volume":"53","author":"Kagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15935","article-title":"Refining the prognosis of fetuses infected with Cytomegalovirus in the first trimester of pregnancy by serial prenatal assessment: A single-centre retrospective study","volume":"127","author":"Millischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.6129","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus-related fetal brain lesions: Comparison between targeted ultrasound examination and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"32","author":"Benoist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12377","article-title":"Risk of cytomegalovirus-associated sequelae in relation to time of infection and findings on prenatal imaging","volume":"41","author":"Lipitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02822.x","article-title":"Prognostic markers of symptomatic congenital human cytomegalovirus infection in fetal blood","volume":"118","author":"Fabbri","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desveaux, C., Klein, J., Leruez-Ville, M., Ramirez-Torres, A., Lacroix, C., Breuil, B., Froment, C., Bascands, J.L., Schanstra, J.P., and Ville, Y. (2016). Identification of Symptomatic Fetuses Infected with Cytomegalovirus Using Amniotic Fluid Peptide Biomarkers. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005395"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.09.052","article-title":"Ultrasound prediction of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"198","author":"Guerra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2694","article-title":"Does normal fetal brain ultrasound predict normal neurodevelopmental outcome in congenital cytomegalovirus infection?","volume":"31","author":"Farkas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01714.x","article-title":"The prognostic value of ultrasound abnormalities and biological parameters in blood of fetuses infected with cytomegalovirus","volume":"115","author":"Benoist","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2037","article-title":"Comparison between ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of fetal cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"28","author":"Picone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.06.003","article-title":"Primary maternal cytomegalovirus infections: Accuracy of fetal ultrasound for predicting sequelae in offspring","volume":"215","author":"Leyder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4340","article-title":"Detailed in utero ultrasound description of 30 cases of congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"34","author":"Picone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massoud, M., Chollet, M., Cabet, S., Butin, M., Mekki, Y., Lina-Granade, G., Fichez, A., Attia, J., Ville, D., and Guibaud, L. (2023). Predicting Outcome of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection by Differentiating and Revisiting Severe Versus Mild Prenatal Imaging Features. Fetal Diagn. Ther.","DOI":"10.1159\/000527921"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04495-8","article-title":"Predictors of cochleovestibular dysfunction in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"181","author":"Chebib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23143","article-title":"Outcome of fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and normal ultrasound at diagnosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Buca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21991","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines: Role of ultrasound in congenital infection","volume":"56","author":"Khalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5591","article-title":"The MRI spectrum of congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"40","author":"Diogo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.10.015","article-title":"New advances in the diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"41","author":"Lazzarotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.5.1767-1772.2002","article-title":"Real-time PCR quantification of human cytomegalovirus DNA in amniotic fluid samples from mothers with primary infection","volume":"40","author":"Gouarin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.944","article-title":"Is fetal gender a risk factor for severe congenital cytomegalovirus infection?","volume":"25","author":"Picone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanimura, K., and Yamada, H. (2018). Potential Biomarkers for Predicting Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123760"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2019.08.008","article-title":"Blood parameters in fetuses infected with cytomegalovirus according to the severity of brain damage and trimester of pregnancy at cordocentesis","volume":"119","author":"Eixarch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0629","article-title":"Neonatal cytomegalovirus blood load and risk of sequelae in symptomatic and asymptomatic congenitally infected newborns","volume":"117","author":"Lanari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03558-7","article-title":"Treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus beyond the neonatal period: An observational study","volume":"179","author":"Dorfman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.04.003","article-title":"In utero treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection with valacyclovir in a multicenter, open-label, phase II study","volume":"215","author":"Ghout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404599","article-title":"Valganciclovir for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease","volume":"372","author":"Kimberlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199039040-00008","article-title":"Ganciclovir. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in cytomegalovirus infections","volume":"39","author":"Faulds","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.07.012","article-title":"Antiviral treatment causes a unique mutational signature in cancers of transplantation recipients","volume":"28","author":"Peci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22642","article-title":"Mother-to-fetus transfer of antiviral drugs and the involvement of transporters at the placental barrier","volume":"100","author":"Tomi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211854","article-title":"Oral valganciclovir for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in an extremely low birth weight infant","volume":"28","author":"Muller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2005.00089.x","article-title":"Successful use of oral ganciclovir for the treatment of intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection in a renal allograft recipient","volume":"7","author":"Puliyanda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1387890","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of fetal cytomegalovirus infection with cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin: A multicenter study in Madrid","volume":"32","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit018","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Sweden and the United Kingdom","volume":"56","author":"Townsend","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/4\/819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:01:30Z","timestamp":1760122890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/4\/819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"references-count":189,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v15040819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15040819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]}}}