{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:49:08Z","timestamp":1777502948263,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DE029733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DE029733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM103648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21DE029733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DE029733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM103648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) causes progressive immune dysfunction in cats similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans. Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is effective against HIV, there is no definitive therapy to improve clinical outcomes in cats with FIV. This study therefore evaluated pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes of cART (2.5 mg\/kg Dolutegravir; 20 mg\/kg Tenofovir; 40 mg\/kg Emtricitabine) in FIV-infected domestic cats. Specific pathogen free cats were experimentally infected with FIV and administered either cART or placebo treatments (n = 6 each) for 18 weeks, while n = 6 na\u00efve uninfected cats served as controls. Blood, saliva, and fine needle aspirates from mandibular lymph nodes were collected to quantify viral and proviral loads via digital droplet PCR and to assess lymphocyte immunophenotypes by flow cytometry. cART improved blood dyscrasias in FIV-infected cats, which normalized by week 16, while placebo cats remained neutropenic, although no significant difference in viremia was observed in the blood or saliva. cART-treated cats exhibited a Th2 immunophenotype with increasing proportions of CD4+CCR4+ cells compared to placebo cats, and cART restored Th17 cells compared to placebo-treated cats. Of the cART drugs, dolutegravir was the most stable and long-lasting. These findings provide a critical insight into novel cART formulations in FIV-infected cats and highlight their role as a potential animal model to evaluate the impact of cART on lentiviral infection and immune dysregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T04:31:05Z","timestamp":1679632265000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Combination Antiretroviral Therapy and Immunophenotype of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8708-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa S.","family":"Behzadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Nehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Carver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon R.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan K.","family":"Conry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Rawlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9227-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sue","family":"VandeWoude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3638-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig A.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(98)80008-7","article-title":"Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: An Overview","volume":"155","author":"Hartmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. 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