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Shaper Family","award":["R01AI158704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI158704"]}]},{"name":"Johanna and Joseph H. Shaper Family","award":["2019 Seed Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 Seed Grant"]}]},{"name":"Johanna and Joseph H. Shaper Family","award":["NRSA GM007185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRSA GM007185"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI158704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI158704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019 Seed Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 Seed Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRSA GM007185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRSA GM007185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UCLA Whitcome Fellowship","award":["R01AI158704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI158704"]}]},{"name":"UCLA Whitcome Fellowship","award":["2019 Seed Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 Seed Grant"]}]},{"name":"UCLA Whitcome Fellowship","award":["NRSA GM007185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRSA GM007185"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Certain re-emerging alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), cause serious disease and widespread epidemics. To develop virus-specific therapies, it is critical to understand the determinants of alphavirus pathogenesis and virulence. One major determinant is viral evasion of the host interferon response, which upregulates antiviral effectors, including zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Here, we demonstrated that Old World alphaviruses show differential sensitivity to endogenous ZAP in 293T cells: Ross River virus (RRV) and Sindbis virus (SINV) are more sensitive to ZAP than o\u2019nyong\u2019nyong virus (ONNV) and CHIKV. We hypothesized that the more ZAP-resistant alphaviruses evade ZAP binding to their RNA. However, we did not find a correlation between ZAP sensitivity and binding to alphavirus genomic RNA. Using a chimeric virus, we found the ZAP sensitivity determinant lies mainly within the alphavirus non-structural protein (nsP) gene region. Surprisingly, we also did not find a correlation between alphavirus ZAP sensitivity and binding to nsP RNA, suggesting ZAP targeting of specific regions in the nsP RNA. Since ZAP can preferentially bind CpG dinucleotides in viral RNA, we identified three 500-bp sequences in the nsP region where CpG content correlates with ZAP sensitivity. Interestingly, ZAP binding to one of these sequences in the nsP2 gene correlated to sensitivity, and we confirmed that this binding is CpG-dependent. Our results demonstrate a potential strategy of alphavirus virulence by localized CpG suppression to evade ZAP recognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T09:26:21Z","timestamp":1679649981000},"page":"830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Alphavirus Evasion of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) Correlates with CpG Suppression in a Specific Viral nsP2 Gene Sequence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"LeAnn P.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly S.","family":"Aldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenlan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melody M. H.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"},{"name":"AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Knipe, D.M. (2001). Fields Virology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02853-12","article-title":"Hypervariable Domains of NsP3 Proteins of New World and Old World Alphaviruses Mediate Formation of Distinct, Virus-Specific Protein Complexes","volume":"87","author":"Foy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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