{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:45:53Z","timestamp":1792223153238,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for niche area research under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program","award":["MO002-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO002-2019"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for niche area research under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/STG03\/UM\/02\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/STG03\/UM\/02\/6"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Malaysia Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["MO002-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MO002-2019"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Malaysia Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/STG03\/UM\/02\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/STG03\/UM\/02\/6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An influenza pandemic happens when a novel influenza A virus is able to infect and transmit efficiently to a new, distinct host species. Although the exact timing of pandemics is uncertain, it is known that both viral and host factors play a role in their emergence. Species-specific interactions between the virus and the host cell determine the virus tropism, including binding and entering cells, replicating the viral RNA genome within the host cell nucleus, assembling, maturing and releasing the virus to neighboring cells, tissues or organs before transmitting it between individuals. The influenza A virus has a vast and antigenically varied reservoir. In wild aquatic birds, the infection is typically asymptomatic. Avian influenza virus (AIV) can cross into new species, and occasionally it can acquire the ability to transmit from human to human. A pandemic might occur if a new influenza virus acquires enough adaptive mutations to maintain transmission between people. This review highlights the key determinants AIV must achieve to initiate a human pandemic and describes how AIV mutates to establish tropism and stable human adaptation. Understanding the tropism of AIV may be crucial in preventing virus transmission in humans and may help the design of vaccines, antivirals and therapeutic agents against the virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T08:43:03Z","timestamp":1679647383000},"page":"833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8219-9735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umarqayum","family":"AbuBakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5790-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Amrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah Ayuni","family":"Kamarulzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1617-9554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saiful Anuar","family":"Karsani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0364-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pouya","family":"Hassandarvish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine Elanie","family":"Khairat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2539-x","article-title":"Influenza virus-related critical illness: Pathophysiology and epidemiology","volume":"23","author":"Kalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Definition of the cellular interactome of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus: Identification of human cellular regulators of viral entry, assembly, and egress","volume":"22","author":"Kien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"baaa062","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baaa062","article-title":"NCBI Taxonomy: A comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools","volume":"2020","author":"Schoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0115-z","article-title":"Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity","volume":"17","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.28.1.1879","article-title":"Pandemic influenza\u2014Including a risk assessment of H5N1","volume":"28","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12053","article-title":"Activation of influenza viruses by proteases from host cells and bacteria in the human airway epithelium","volume":"69","author":"Klenk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038695","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038695","article-title":"The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Its Legacy","volume":"10","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blagodatski, A., Trutneva, K., Glazova, O., Mityaeva, O., Shevkova, L., Kegeles, E., Onyanov, N., Fede, K., Maznina, A., and Khavina, E. (2021). Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10050630"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"87","article-title":"Epizoozia tifoide nei gallinacei","volume":"21","author":"Perroncito","year":"1878","journal-title":"Annali Accad. Agri. Torino."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1515\/znb-1955-0205","article-title":"Vergleichende sero-immunologische Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Viren der Influenza und klassischen Gefl\u00fcgelpest","volume":"10","year":"1955","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Nat. B"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Bankowski, R. (1981, January 22\u201324). Introduction and objectives of the symposium. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, ML, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-018-0642-9","article-title":"Zoonotic Influenza and Human Health-Part 1: Virology and Epidemiology of Zoonotic Influenzas","volume":"20","author":"Goneau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daidoji, T., Kajikawa, J., Arai, Y., Watanabe, Y., Hirose, R., and Nakaya, T. (2020). Infection of Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells by H5 Avian Influenza Virus Is Regulated by the Acid Stability of Hemagglutinin and the pH of Target Cell Endosomes. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010082"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30236-4","article-title":"Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of influenza virus: An analysis of human airway organoids and ex-vivo bronchus cultures","volume":"6","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0448-4","article-title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with influenza, clinical significance, and pathophysiology of human influenza viruses in faecal samples: What do we know?","volume":"12","author":"Minodier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1086\/651457","article-title":"Avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses can directly infect and replicate in human gut tissues","volume":"201","author":"Shu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000922","article-title":"Influenza virus replication in macrophages: Balancing protection and pathogenesis","volume":"98","author":"Cline","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-016-3918-y","article-title":"Avian influenza virus directly infects human natural killer cells and inhibits cell activity","volume":"32","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0659-8","article-title":"Avian influenza A H7N9 virus infects human astrocytes and neuronal cells and induces inflammatory immune responses","volume":"24","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29578-1","article-title":"Characterization of avian influenza virus attachment patterns to human and pig tissues","volume":"8","author":"Eriksson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00281","article-title":"Viral tropism","volume":"3","author":"Nomaguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, E.A., Yamauchi, Y., and Matthias, P. (2021). How Influenza Virus Uses Host Cell Pathways during Uncoating. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071722"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"398","article-title":"Four Flu Pandemics: Lessons that Need to Be Learned","volume":"37","author":"Pineo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dev. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bremaud, E., Favard, C., and Muriaux, D. (2022). Deciphering the Assembly of Enveloped Viruses Using Model Lipid Membranes. Membranes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes12050441"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-022-01904-w","article-title":"An overview of influenza A virus genes, protein functions, and replication cycle highlighting important updates","volume":"58","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.07.039","article-title":"The biology of influenza viruses","volume":"26","author":"Bouvier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"269","article-title":"Native morphology of influenza virions","volume":"2","author":"Noda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01504-4","article-title":"Packaging signal of influenza A virus","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32615-8","article-title":"Direct RNA Sequencing of the Coding Complete Influenza A Virus Genome","volume":"8","author":"Keller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skelton, R.M., and Huber, V.C. (2022). Comparing Influenza Virus Biology for Understanding Influenza D Virus. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051036"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mostafa, A., Abdelwhab, E.M., Mettenleiter, T.C., and Pleschka, S. (2018). Zoonotic Potential of Influenza A Viruses: A Comprehensive Overview. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090497"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/11.5.1555","article-title":"The sequence of RNA segment 1 of influenza virus A\/NT\/60\/68 and its comparison with the corresponding segment of strains A\/PR\/8\/34 and A\/WSN\/33","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Y.N., Chen, G.W., Chen, C.J., Kuo, R.L., and Shih, S.R. (2014). Computational analysis and mapping of novel open reading frames in influenza A viruses. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115016"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5057184","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5057184","article-title":"Apoptotic and Early Innate Immune Responses to PB1-F2 Protein of Influenza A Viruses Belonging to Different Subtypes in Human Lung Epithelial A549 Cells","volume":"2018","author":"Pasricha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiem, K., Martinez-Sobrido, L., Nogales, A., and DeDiego, M.L. (2021). Amino Acid Residues Involved in Inhibition of Host Gene Expression by Influenza A\/Brevig Mission\/1\/1918 PA-X. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.23.441102"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6442","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00319-15","article-title":"Influenza A Virus Protein PA-X Contributes to Viral Growth and Suppression of the Host Antiviral and Immune Responses","volume":"89","author":"Hayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, W., Wang, L., and Li, S. (2020). Roles of the Non-Structural Proteins of Influenza A Virus. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100812"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00936","article-title":"Host Interaction Analysis of PA-N155 and PA-N182 in Chicken Cells Reveals an Essential Role of UBA52 for Replication of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"402","article-title":"RNA structure interactions and ribonucleoprotein processes of the influenza A virus","volume":"17","author":"Dawson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brief. Funct. Genom."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.03.001","article-title":"Influenza Neuraminidase: Underrated Role in Receptor Binding","volume":"27","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00070-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00070-14","article-title":"Influenza viruses and mRNA splicing: Doing more with less","volume":"5","author":"Dubois","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.01.007","article-title":"Functions of the influenza A virus NS1 protein in antiviral defense","volume":"12","author":"Krug","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7375","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.16.7375-7383.2001","article-title":"Influenza B and C Virus NEP (NS2) Proteins Possess Nuclear Export Activities","volume":"75","author":"Paragas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy633","article-title":"Influenza Vaccines: Good, but We Can Do Better","volume":"219","author":"Paules","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sreenivasan, C.C., Thomas, M., Kaushik, R.S., Wang, D., and Li, F. (2019). Influenza A in Bovine Species: A Narrative Literature Review. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060561"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.08.002","article-title":"Animal influenza virus infections in humans: A commentary","volume":"88","author":"Borkenhagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.009","article-title":"Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation","volume":"7","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.1020","article-title":"Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus","volume":"356","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-022-00274-x","article-title":"Are pigs overestimated as a source of zoonotic influenza viruses?","volume":"8","author":"Hennig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosanowski, S.M., Carpenter, T.E., Adamson, D., Rogers, C.W., Pearce, P., Burns, M., and Cogger, N. (2019). An economic analysis of a contingency model utilising vaccination for the control of equine influenza in a non-endemic country. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210885"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.161846","article-title":"Equine Influenza Virus\u2014A Neglected, Reemergent Disease Threat","volume":"25","author":"Sack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01941","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oladunni, F.S., Oseni, S.O., Martinez-Sobrido, L., and Chambers, T.M. (2021). Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081657"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler, S., Harder, T.C., Schwemmle, M., and Ciminski, K. (2021). Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events\u2014Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13112250"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00083","article-title":"Influenza A Virus Infection in Cats and Dogs: A Literature Review in the Light of the \u201cOne Health\u201d Concept","volume":"8","author":"Borland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frymus, T., Bel\u00e1k, S., Egberink, H., Hofmann-Lehmann, R., Marsilio, F., Addie, D.D., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Hartmann, K., Lloret, A., and Lutz, H. (2021). Influenza Virus Infections in Cats. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081435"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812452578","article-title":"Domestic Cats Are Susceptible to Infection With Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses From Shorebirds","volume":"50","author":"Driskell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix668","article-title":"Outbreak of Influenza A(H7N2) Among Cats in an Animal Shelter With Cat-to-Human Transmission\u2014New York City, 2016","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1086\/524991","article-title":"Ecology of Avian Influenza Virus in Birds","volume":"197","author":"Causey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.152-179.1992","article-title":"Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses","volume":"56","author":"Webster","year":"1992","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldz036","article-title":"Avian influenza viruses in humans: Lessons from past outbreaks","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04068","article-title":"Molecular characterization and three-dimensional structures of avian H8, H11, H14, H15 and swine H4 influenza virus hemagglutinins","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25710","article-title":"Genetic changes that accompanied shifts of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses toward higher pathogenicity in poultry","volume":"4","author":"Abdelwhab","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00060","article-title":"Avian Influenza Viruses, Inflammation, and CD8+ T Cell Immunity","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"e07415","article-title":"Avian influenza overview March\u2013June 2022","volume":"20","author":"Adlhoch","year":"2022","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e824","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00192-6","article-title":"Human infection of avian influenza A H3N8 virus and the viral origins: A descriptive study","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H. (2015). Radiology of Infectious Diseases: Volume 1, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9882-2"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1086\/314515","article-title":"Characterization of Influenza A\/HongKong\/156\/97 (H5N1) Virus in a Mouse Model and Protective Effect of Zanamivir on H5N1 Infection in Mice","volume":"178","author":"Gubareva","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15595-5","article-title":"Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease","volume":"363","author":"Peiris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc066058","article-title":"Fatal Infection with Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in China","volume":"354","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, January 21). Avian Influenza Weekly Update Number 884. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/wpro---documents\/emergency\/surveillance\/avian-influenza\/ai_20221209.pdf?Status=Master&sfvrsn=22ea0816_21."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100439","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.24.2100439","article-title":"Isolation of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N8), a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, from a worker during an outbreak on a poultry farm, Russia, December 2020","volume":"26","author":"Pyankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), EURL (European Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza), Adlhoch, C., Fusaro, A., Gonzales, J.L., Kuiken, T., Marangon, S., Niqueux, \u00c9., and Staubach, C. (2021). Scientific report: Avian influenza overview December 2020\u2013February 2021. EFSA J., 19, 6497.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2021.6497"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70221-2","article-title":"Human infection with avian influenza A H6N1 virus: An epidemiological analysis","volume":"1","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2004). Update: Influenza activity--United States and worldwide, 2003\u20132004 season, and composition of the 2004-05 influenza vaccine. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep., 53, 547\u2013552."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collective Editorial team (2007). Avian influenza A\/(H7N2) outbreak in the United Kingdom. Wkly. Releases, 12, 3206.","DOI":"10.2807\/esw.12.22.03206-en"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00672-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00672-17","article-title":"A Novel A(H7N2) Influenza Virus Isolated from a Veterinarian Caring for Cats in a New York City Animal Shelter Causes Mild Disease and Transmits Poorly in the Ferret Model","volume":"91","author":"Belser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040961","article-title":"Human Illness from Avian Influenza H7N3, British Columbia","volume":"10","author":"Tweed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"2952","article-title":"Outbreak of low pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza in UK, including associated case of human conjunctivitis","volume":"11","author":"Nair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wkly. Releases (1997\u20132007)"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-139","article-title":"The highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza strain from July 2012 in Mexico acquired an extended cleavage site through recombination with host 28S rRNA","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.06.002","article-title":"First human infection by a novel avian influenza A(H7N4) virus","volume":"77","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)64783-6","article-title":"Avian influenza virus isolated from a woman with conjunctivitis","volume":"348","author":"Kurtz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308352100","article-title":"Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"101","author":"Fouchier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.140512","article-title":"Human infection with highly pathogenic A(H7N7) avian influenza virus, Italy, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Puzelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0453-2","article-title":"Current situation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza in China","volume":"48","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2014.84","article-title":"Genesis of avian influenza H9N2 in Bangladesh","volume":"3","author":"Shanmuganatham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"21","article-title":"The whole genome analysis for the first human infection with H10N3 influenza virus in China","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-005-0047-3","article-title":"Review: Molecular evolution and the feasibility of an avian influenza virus becoming a pandemic strain\u2014A conceptual shift","volume":"33","author":"Shoham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1805.111852","article-title":"Influenza Virus A (H10N7) in Chickens and Poultry Abattoir Workers, Australia","volume":"18","author":"Arzey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.01.026","article-title":"An H10N8 influenza virus vaccine strain and mouse challenge model based on the human isolate A\/Jiangxi-Donghu\/346\/13","volume":"33","author":"Wohlbold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher-Friebertsh\u00e4user, E., Garten, W., and Klenk, H.D. (2018). Activation of Viruses by Host Proteases, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75474-1"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, R., Cui, Q., and Rong, L. (2019). Competitive Cooperation of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase during Influenza A Virus Entry. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050458"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01085","article-title":"Contributions of HA1 and HA2 Subunits of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies and Protection in Chickens","volume":"11","author":"Shirvani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.054","article-title":"The 150-Loop Restricts the Host Specificity of Human H10N8 Influenza Virus","volume":"19","author":"Tzarum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"63","article-title":"Receptor binding properties of the influenza virus hemagglutinin as a determinant of host range","volume":"385","author":"Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"415","article-title":"The structural variability of the influenza A hemagglutinin receptor-binding site","volume":"17","author":"Lazniewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brief. Funct. Genom."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.09.014","article-title":"Influenza A Viruses: Understanding Human Host Determinants","volume":"27","author":"Ciminski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mifsud, E.J., Kuba, M., and Barr, I.G. (2021). Innate Immune Responses to Influenza Virus Infections in the Upper Respiratory Tract. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102090"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2020.1753654","article-title":"Active virological surveillance in backyard ducks in Bangladesh: Detection of avian influenza and gammacoronaviruses","volume":"49","author":"Parvin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.10.047","article-title":"Avian-to-Human Receptor-Binding Adaptation of Avian H7N9 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100017","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.013309","article-title":"Adaptation of influenza viruses to human airway receptors","volume":"296","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.028","article-title":"Avian-to-Human Receptor-Binding Adaptation by Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin H4","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sriwilaijaroen, N., and Suzuki, Y. (2020). Host Receptors of Influenza Viruses and Coronaviruses-Molecular Mechanisms of Recognition. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040587"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Vries, R.P., Peng, W., Grant, O.C., Thompson, A.J., Zhu, X., Bouwman, K.M., de la Pena, A.T.T., van Breemen, M.J., Ambepitiya Wickramasinghe, I.N., and de Haan, C.A.M. (2017). Three mutations switch H7N9 influenza to human-type receptor specificity. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006390"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00414","article-title":"Potential Pandemic of H7N9 Avian Influenza A Virus in Human","volume":"8","author":"Pu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30323-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of avian influenza A H7N9 virus in human beings across five epidemics in mainland China, 2013\u201317: An epidemiological study of laboratory-confirmed case series","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00039","article-title":"Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Structure and Functions","volume":"10","author":"McAuley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6769","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00458-10","article-title":"Neuraminidase receptor binding variants of human influenza A(H3N2) viruses resulting from substitution of aspartic acid 151 in the catalytic site: A role in virus attachment?","volume":"84","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0295-3","article-title":"The neuraminidases of MDCK grown human influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated since 1994 can demonstrate receptor binding","volume":"12","author":"Mohr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12531","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01889-13","article-title":"A Mutant Influenza Virus That Uses an N1 Neuraminidase as the Receptor-Binding Protein","volume":"87","author":"Hooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulati, S., Smith, D.F., Cummings, R.D., Couch, R.B., Griesemer, S.B., St George, K., Webster, R.G., and Air, G.M. (2013). Human H3N2 Influenza Viruses Isolated from 1968 To 2012 Show Varying Preference for Receptor Substructures with No Apparent Consequences for Disease or Spread. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066325"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, C., and Yamauchi, Y. (2020). Microtubules in Influenza Virus Entry and Egress. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010117"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-015-0041-1","article-title":"The endosomal-lysosomal system: From acidification and cargo sorting to neurodegeneration","volume":"4","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-0980-9_9","article-title":"Influenza virus entry","volume":"726","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3390\/v4071144","article-title":"Influenza virus-mediated membrane fusion: Determinants of hemagglutinin fusogenic activity and experimental approaches for assessing virus fusion","volume":"4","author":"Hamilton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.09.006","article-title":"Role of host trypsin-type serine proteases and influenza virus-cytokine-trypsin cycle in influenza viral pathogenesis. Pathogenesis-based therapeutic options","volume":"166","author":"Kido","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2015.05.013","article-title":"Influenza virus activating host proteases: Identification, localization and inhibitors as potential therapeutics","volume":"94","author":"Garten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-27","article-title":"Inhibition of lung serine proteases in mice: A potentially new approach to control influenza infection","volume":"8","author":"Bahgat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0405OC","article-title":"Influenza A induces the major secreted airway mucin MUC5AC in a protease-EGFR-extracellular regulated kinase-Sp1-dependent pathway","volume":"47","author":"Barbier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5608","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03677-13","article-title":"The host protease TMPRSS2 plays a major role in in vivo replication of emerging H7N9 and seasonal influenza viruses","volume":"88","author":"Sakai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02205-08","article-title":"Proteolytic activation of the 1918 influenza virus hemagglutinin","volume":"83","author":"Chaipan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02605-09","article-title":"Novel type II transmembrane serine proteases, MSPL and TMPRSS13, Proteolytically activate membrane fusion activity of the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and induce their multicycle replication","volume":"84","author":"Okumura","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2011.07.001","article-title":"Role of host cellular proteases in the pathogenesis of influenza and influenza-induced multiple organ failure","volume":"1824","author":"Kido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/325536a0","article-title":"Role of Staphylococcus protease in the development of influenza pneumonia","volume":"325","author":"Tashiro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.07.012","article-title":"Identification of key hemagglutinin residues responsible for cleavage, acid stability, and virulence of fifth-wave highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses","volume":"535","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47938-3","article-title":"Variable impact of the hemagglutinin polybasic cleavage site on virulence and pathogenesis of avian influenza H7N7 virus in chickens, turkeys and ducks","volume":"9","author":"Scheibner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gischke, M., Ulrich, R., Fatola, O.I., Scheibner, D., Salaheldin, A.H., Crossley, B., Bottcher-Friebertshauser, E., Veits, J., Mettenleiter, T.C., and Abdelwhab, E.M. (2020). Insertion of Basic Amino Acids in the Hemagglutinin Cleavage Site of H4N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV)-Reduced Virus Fitness in Chickens is Restored by Reassortment with Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIV. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202002.0391.v1"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(89)90267-5","article-title":"Mutations at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin after the pathogenicity of influenza virus A\/chick\/Penn\/83 (H5N2)","volume":"168","author":"Ohuchi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0484-8","article-title":"Glycosylation at 11Asn on hemagglutinin of H5N1 influenza virus contributes to its biological characteristics","volume":"48","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.03.005","article-title":"Influenza Hemagglutinin Protein Stability, Activation, and Pandemic Risk","volume":"26","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.1999.00223.x","article-title":"Nasal pH measurement: A reliable and repeatable parameter","volume":"24","author":"England","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol. Allied Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02332-15","article-title":"H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses Differ from Avian Precursors by a Higher pH Optimum of Membrane Fusion","volume":"90","author":"Baumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2013.10.004","article-title":"Receptor binding and pH stability\u2014How influenza A virus hemagglutinin affects host-specific virus infection","volume":"1838","author":"Mair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01581","article-title":"Influenza A Virus Cell Entry, Replication, Virion Assembly and Movement","volume":"9","author":"Dou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01917-06","article-title":"Involvement of Hsp90 in assembly and nuclear import of influenza virus RNA polymerase subunits","volume":"81","author":"Naito","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19063","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19063","article-title":"Human Heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40\/DnaJB1) promotes influenza A virus replication by assisting nuclear import of viral ribonucleoproteins","volume":"6","author":"Batra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, W., Zhang, J., Liang, L., Wang, G., Li, Q., Zhu, P., Zhou, Y., Li, J., Zhao, Y., and Sun, N. (2018). Phospholipid scramblase 1 interacts with influenza A virus NP, impairing its nuclear import and thereby suppressing virus replication. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006851"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01391-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01391-20","article-title":"Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1 Delta Inhibits the Nuclear Import of the Nucleoprotein and PA-PB1 Heterodimer of Influenza A Virus","volume":"95","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895779","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.895779","article-title":"Nucleoporin 85 interacts with influenza A virus PB1 and PB2 to promote its replication by facilitating nuclear import of ribonucleoprotein","volume":"13","author":"Ling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1158","article-title":"Differential use of importin-\u03b1 isoforms governs cell tropism and host adaptation of influenza virus","volume":"2","author":"Gabriel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038307","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038307","article-title":"Host Cell Factors That Interact with Influenza Virus Ribonucleoproteins","volume":"11","author":"Staller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvw036","article-title":"Importin \u03b1: A key molecule in nuclear transport and non-transport functions","volume":"160","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0546-y","article-title":"Expression of importin-\u03b1 isoforms in human nasal mucosa: Implication for adaptation of avian influenza A viruses to human host","volume":"13","author":"Ninpan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"e01410","article-title":"Viral Determinants in H5N1 Influenza A Virus Enable Productive Infection of HeLa Cells","volume":"94","author":"Gounder","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18590","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507415102","article-title":"The viral polymerase mediates adaptation of an avian influenza virus to a mammalian host","volume":"102","author":"Gabriel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038372","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038372","article-title":"Structure and Function of Influenza Polymerase","volume":"11","author":"Wandzik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1530-7","article-title":"Structures of influenza A virus RNA polymerase offer insight into viral genome replication","volume":"573","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038398","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038398","article-title":"Structure and Function of the Influenza Virus Transcription and Replication Machinery","volume":"10","author":"Fodor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45079","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.45079","article-title":"Comprehensive mapping of adaptation of the avian influenza polymerase protein PB2 to humans","volume":"8","author":"Soh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16474","article-title":"Species difference in ANP32A underlies influenza A virus polymerase host restriction","volume":"529","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17407-x","article-title":"Molecular basis of host-adaptation interactions between influenza virus polymerase PB2 subunit and ANP32A","volume":"11","author":"Kalayil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.08.012","article-title":"Differential Splicing of ANP32A in Birds Alters Its Ability to Stimulate RNA Synthesis by Restricted Influenza Polymerase","volume":"24","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"153 Kirui, J., Bucci, M.D., Poole, D.S., and Mehle, A. (2014). Conserved features of the PB2 627 domain impact influenza virus polymerase function and replication. J. Virol., 88, 5977\u20135986.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00508-14"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peacock, T.P., Sheppard, C.M., Staller, E., Frise, R., Swann, O.C., Goldhill, D.H., Long, J.S., and Barclay, W.S. (2020). Mammalian ANP32A and ANP32B proteins drive alternative avian influenza virus polymerase adaptations. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.03.282384"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00174-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00174-19","article-title":"Fundamental Contribution and Host Range Determination of ANP32A and ANP32B in Influenza A Virus Polymerase Activity","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001664","article-title":"A natural variant in ANP32B impairs influenza virus replication in human cells","volume":"102","author":"Staller","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01582-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01582-20","article-title":"PA Mutations Inherited during Viral Evolution Act Cooperatively To Increase Replication of Contemporary H5N1 Influenza Virus with an Expanded Host Range","volume":"95","author":"Arai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20594","article-title":"Structural basis of an essential interaction between influenza polymerase and Pol II CTD","volume":"541","author":"Lukarska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03155-13","article-title":"Virulence-affecting amino acid changes in the PA protein of H7N9 influenza A viruses","volume":"88","author":"Yamayoshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz5764","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz5764","article-title":"Human TRA2A determines influenza A virus host adaptation by regulating viral mRNA splicing","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2022.101254","article-title":"Viral-host interactions during splicing and nuclear export of influenza virus mRNAs","volume":"55","author":"Esparza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg279","article-title":"Caspase 3 activation is essential for efficient influenza virus propagation","volume":"22","author":"Wurzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4172\/1747-0862.1000024","article-title":"Influenza virus pathogenicity is determined by caspase cleavage motifs located in the viral proteins","volume":"3","author":"Zhirnov","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01434-06","article-title":"Contributions of two nuclear localization signals of influenza A virus nucleoprotein to viral replication","volume":"81","author":"Ozawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-007-0003-8","article-title":"The role of the N-terminal caspase cleavage site in the nucleoprotein of influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo","volume":"153","author":"Lipatov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210195","article-title":"Overexpression of SERTAD3, a putative oncogene located within the 19q13 amplicon, induces E2F activity and promotes tumor growth","volume":"26","author":"Darwish","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez-Medina, E., Vuono, E.A., Velazquez-Salinas, L., Silva, E., Rai, A., Pruitt, S., Berggren, K.A., Zhu, J., Borca, M.V., and Gladue, D.P. (2020). The MGF360-16R ORF of African Swine Fever Virus Strain Georgia Encodes for a Nonessential Gene That Interacts with Host Proteins SERTAD3 and SDCBP. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010060"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2017.06.014","article-title":"Systematic Investigation of Multi-TLR Sensing Identifies Regulators of Sustained Gene Activation in Macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108342","article-title":"Type-IInterferon-Inducible SERTAD3 Inhibits Influenza A Virus Replication by Blocking the Assembly of Viral RNA Polymerase Complex","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8957","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00592-15","article-title":"Structural Analysis of the Roles of Influenza A Virus Membrane-Associated Proteins in Assembly and Morphology","volume":"89","author":"Chlanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.019935-0","article-title":"Formation of virus-like particles from human cell lines exclusively expressing influenza neuraminidase","volume":"91","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02188-10","article-title":"Budding capability of the influenza virus neuraminidase can be modulated by tetherin","volume":"85","author":"Yondola","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Liu, J., Yang, J., Sun, H., Jiang, Z., Wang, C., Zhang, X., Yu, Y., Zhao, C., and Pu, J. (2021). H9N2 virus-derived M1 protein promotes H5N6 virus release in mammalian cells: Mechanism of avian influenza virus inter-species infection in humans. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010098"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008816","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00049-17","article-title":"Mutation of the Second Sialic Acid-Binding Site, Resulting in Reduced Neuraminidase Activity, Preceded the Emergence of H7N9 Influenza A Virus","volume":"91","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.07.003","article-title":"Predicting \u2018airborne\u2019 influenza viruses: (trans-) mission impossible?","volume":"1","author":"Sorrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00868-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00868-16","article-title":"An Amino Acid in the Stalk Domain of N1 Neuraminidase Is Critical for Enzymatic Activity","volume":"91","author":"Zanin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01783-09","article-title":"Molecular determinants of adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 viruses to efficient replication in the human host","volume":"84","author":"Munster","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18903","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212579109","article-title":"Crystal structures of two subtype N10 neuraminidase-like proteins from bat influenza A viruses reveal a diverged putative active site","volume":"109","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/10.16.5033","article-title":"Sequence of the N2 neuraminidase from influenza virus A\/NT\/60\/68","volume":"10","author":"Bentley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2009-1-2-26-32","article-title":"Influenza virus neuraminidase: Structure and function","volume":"1","author":"Shtyrya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Nat."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tewawong, N., Vichiwattana, P., Korkong, S., Klinfueng, S., Suntronwong, N., Thongmee, T., Theamboonlers, A., Vongpunsawad, S., and Poovorawan, Y. (2017). Evolution of the neuraminidase gene of seasonal influenza A and B viruses in Thailand between 2010 and 2015. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175655"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.121","article-title":"Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00776-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00776-22","article-title":"Avian Influenza NS1 Proteins Inhibit Human, but Not Duck, RIG-I Ubiquitination and Interferon Signaling","volume":"96","author":"Evseev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Marco, M.A., Delogu, M., Facchini, M., Di Trani, L., Boni, A., Cotti, C., Graziosi, G., Venturini, D., Regazzi, D., and Ravaioli, V. (2021). Serologic Evidence of Occupational Exposure to Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wildfowl\/Poultry\/Human Interface. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102153"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.06.026","article-title":"Emergence of H3N8 avian influenza viruses possessing tri-basic hemagglutinin cleavage sites in China","volume":"85","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa105","article-title":"Avian Influenza Human Infections at the Human-Animal Interface","volume":"222","author":"Philippon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/4\/833\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:02:29Z","timestamp":1760122949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/4\/833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":186,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["v15040833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15040833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}