{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T09:01:46Z","timestamp":1770714106313,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH-NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56AI091843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56AI091843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH-NIAID","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI091843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI091843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dengue transmission is determined by a complex set of interactions between the environment, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, dengue viruses, and humans. Emergence in new geographic areas can be unpredictable, with some regions having established mosquito populations for decades without locally acquired transmission. Key factors such as mosquito longevity, temperature-driven extrinsic incubation period (EIP), and vector\u2013human contact can strongly influence the potential for disease transmission. To assess how these factors interact at the edge of the geographical range of dengue virus transmission, we conducted mosquito sampling in multiple urban areas located throughout the Arizona\u2013Sonora desert region during the summer rainy seasons from 2013 to 2015. Mosquito population age structure, reflecting mosquito survivorship, was measured using a combination of parity analysis and relative gene expression of an age-related gene, SCP-1. Bloodmeal analysis was conducted on field collected blood-fed mosquitoes. Site-specific temperature was used to estimate the EIP, and this predicted EIP combined with mosquito age were combined to estimate the abundance of \u201cpotential\u201d vectors (i.e., mosquitoes old enough to survive the EIP). Comparisons were made across cities by month and year. The dengue endemic cities Hermosillo and Ciudad Obregon, both in the state of Sonora, Mexico, had higher abundance of potential vectors than non-endemic Nogales, Sonora, Mexico. Interestingly, Tucson, Arizona consistently had a higher estimated abundance of potential vectors than dengue endemic regions of Sonora, Mexico. There were no observed city-level differences in species composition of blood meals. Combined, these data offer insights into the critical factors required for dengue transmission at the ecological edge of the mosquito\u2019s range. However, further research is needed to integrate an understanding of how social and additional environmental factors constrain and enhance dengue transmission in emerging regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T04:31:21Z","timestamp":1679891481000},"page":"851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Differences in Longevity and Temperature-Driven Extrinsic Incubation Period Correlate with Varying Dengue Risk in the Arizona\u2013Sonora Desert Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kacey C.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A Lucia","family":"Castro-Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios en Salud y Sociedad, El Colegio de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa K.","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Brophy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3091-5530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Reyes-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios en Salud y Sociedad, El Colegio de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4117-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolando Enrique","family":"D\u00edaz-Caravantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios en Salud y Sociedad, El Colegio de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica Ortiz","family":"Encinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Molecular Biology Laboratory, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Sonora, Obregon 85059, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Aguilera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Molecular Biology Laboratory, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Sonora, Obregon 85059, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Gameros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Salud Urbano de Nogales, Nogales 84100, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa Elena","family":"Cuevas Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Salud Urbano de Nogales, Nogales 84100, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary H.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7930-4829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Monaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research Data & Digital Scholarship, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Arnbrister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eileen Jeffrey","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkely, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7730-9629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Carri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, 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