{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:22:00Z","timestamp":1790896920479,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCTI\/EMERGESAUDE 006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCTI\/EMERGESAUDE 006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.20.0029.000462\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.20.0029.000462\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"Rede Corona-\u00f4mica BR MCTI\/FINEP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCTI\/EMERGESAUDE 006\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCTI\/EMERGESAUDE 006\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004809","name":"Rede Corona-\u00f4mica BR MCTI\/FINEP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01.20.0029.000462\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.20.0029.000462\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nasal mucosa is the main gateway for entry, replication and elimination of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the pathogen that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19). The presence of the virus in the epithelium causes damage to the nasal mucosa and compromises mucociliary clearance. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens in the nasal mucociliary mucosa of patients with a history of mild COVID-19 and persistent inflammatory rhinopathy. We evaluated eight adults without previous nasal diseases and with a history of COVID-19 and persistent olfactory dysfunction for more than 80 days after diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Samples of the nasal mucosa were collected via brushing of the middle nasal concha. The detection of viral antigens was performed using immunofluorescence through confocal microscopy. Viral antigens were detected in the nasal mucosa of all patients. Persistent anosmia was observed in four patients. Our findings suggest that persistent SARS-CoV-2 antigens in the nasal mucosa of mild COVID-19 patients may lead to inflammatory rhinopathy and prolonged or relapsing anosmia. This study sheds light on the potential mechanisms underlying persistent symptoms of COVID-19 and highlights the importance of monitoring patients with persistent anosmia and nasal-related symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T09:12:59Z","timestamp":1680253979000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in the Nasal Mucosa of Eight Patients with Inflammatory Rhinopathy for over 80 Days following Mild COVID-19 Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Juliana","family":"Costa dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Oct\u00e1vio 6200, Coroado, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1753-5584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjory","family":"Ximenes Rabelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Multiusu\u00e1rio para An\u00e1lise de Fen\u00f4menos Biom\u00e9dicos, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Avenida Carvalho Leal 1777, Cachoeirinha, Manaus 69065-000, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Mattana Sebben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Hospital Adriano Jorge, Avenida Carvalho Leal 1778, Cachoeirinha, Manaus 69065-001, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Vinicius","family":"de Souza Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Afonso Pena 1053, Manaus 69020-160, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Bosco Lopes Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Superior Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Avenida Carvalho Leal 1777, Cachoeirinha, Manaus 69065-000, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cardoso Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estat\u00edstica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida Roberto Vieira, Coroado, Manaus 69080-000, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6112-6190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson","family":"Nogueira Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia, Avenida Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo 2936, Manaus 69060-001, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4610-6305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Monteiro de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Afonso Pena 1053, Manaus 69020-160, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Escola Superior Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Avenida Carvalho Leal 1777, Cachoeirinha, Manaus 69065-000, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemilson Soares","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Imunologia B\u00e1sica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Oct\u00e1vio 6200, Coroado, Manaus 69080-900, AM, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia e Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia, Avenida Andr\u00e9 Ara\u00fajo 2936, Manaus 69060-001, AM, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0868-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Entry Factors Are Highly Expressed in Nasal Epithelial Cells Together with Innate Immune Genes","volume":"26","author":"Sungnak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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