{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:11:36Z","timestamp":1787163096081,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Egyptian Sciences and Technology Development Fund (STDF)","award":["41909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41909"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salmonella, the causative agent of several diseases in humans and animals, including salmonellosis, septicemia, typhoid fever, and fowl typhoid, poses a serious threat to global public health and food safety. Globally, reports of therapeutic failures are increasing because of the increase in bacterial antibiotic resistance. Thus, this work highlights the combined phage\u2013antibiotic therapy as a promising approach to combating bacterial resistance. In this manner, the phage ZCSE9 was isolated, and the morphology, host infectivity, killing curve, combination with kanamycin, and genome analysis of this phage were all examined. Morphologically, phage ZCSE9 is a siphovirus with a relatively broad host range. In addition, the phage can tolerate high temperatures until 80 \u00b0C with one log reduction and a basic environment (pH 11) without a significant decline. Furthermore, the phage prevents bacterial growth in the planktonic state, according to the results of the time-killing curve. Moreover, using the phage at MOI 0.1 with kanamycin against five different Salmonella serotypes reduces the required antibiotics to inhibit the growth of the bacteria. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis suggested that phage ZCSE9, along with its close relatives Salmonella phages vB_SenS_AG11 and wksl3, belongs to the genus Jerseyvirus. In conclusion, phage ZCSE9 and kanamycin form a robust heterologous antibacterial combination that enhances the effectiveness of a phage-only approach for combating Salmonella.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T03:32:59Z","timestamp":1680492779000},"page":"912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Lytic Activity of Bacteriophage ZCSE9 against Salmonella\u00a0enterica and Its Synergistic Effects with Kanamycin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2902-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah S.","family":"Abdelsattar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3749-5476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Atef","family":"Eita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0769-1150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zainab K.","family":"Hammouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 11787, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-948X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shrouk Mohamed","family":"Gouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toka A.","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aghapy Yermans","family":"Yakoup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4906-5270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anan","family":"Safwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"El-Shibiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish 45511, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.07.006","article-title":"Salmonella Infection: Interplay between the Bacteria and Host Immune System","volume":"190","author":"Kurtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. 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