{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:25:59Z","timestamp":1792599959736,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2003, the United States saw an epidemic of monkeypox that was later traced back to rodents of West Africa infected with the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Disease in the United States seemed less severe than the smallpox-like disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In this study, researchers analyzed data from Central Africa: two distinct MPXV clades were confirmed by sequencing the genomes of MPXV isolates from Western Africa, the United States, and Central Africa. By comparing open reading frames across MPXV clades, scientists can infer which virus proteins might account for the observed variation in pathogenicity in humans. Monkeypox can be prevented and controlled with a better understanding of MPXV\u2019s molecular etiology and epidemiological and clinical features. In light of the current outbreaks worldwide, we provide updated information on monkeypox for medical professionals in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T05:57:50Z","timestamp":1681106270000},"page":"937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Recent Advances in Research and Management of Human Monkeypox Virus: An Emerging Global Health Threat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6518-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shri Ram College of Pharmacy, Karnal 132116, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benu","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar 135001, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishant","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B.S. Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Faridabad 121004, Haryana, India"},{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4449-9072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushma","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4781-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Pareek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2824-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujatha","family":"Alla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Management & Systems Engineering, Frank Batten College of Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA"},{"name":"Center for Technology and Innovations, Global Health Research and Innovations Canada, Toronto, ON M1J 2W8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7971-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fnu","family":"Kajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5586-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behdin","family":"Nowrouzi-Kia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9840-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Chattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha 442107, Maharashtra, India"},{"name":"Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5224-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madan Mohan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 3303, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. 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