{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:36:25Z","timestamp":1791333385042,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Committee of Prion Disease and Slow Virus Infection","award":["20FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FC0201"]}]},{"name":"Research Committee of Prion Disease and Slow Virus Infection","award":["23FC1007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23FC1007"]}]},{"name":"Research Committee of Prion Disease and Slow Virus Infection","award":["21K07450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K07450"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FC0201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23FC1007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23FC1007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K07450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K07450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20FC0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20FC0201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23FC1007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23FC1007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K07450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K07450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a devastating demyelinating disease caused by JC virus (JCV), predominantly affecting patients with impaired cellular immunity. PML is a non-reportable disease with a few exceptions, making national surveillance difficult. In Japan, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for JCV in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is performed at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases to support PML diagnosis. To clarify the overall profile of PML in Japan, patient data provided at the time of CSF-JCV testing over 10 years (FY2011\u20132020) were analyzed. PCR testing for 1537 new suspected PML cases was conducted, and 288 (18.7%) patients tested positive for CSF-JCV. An analysis of the clinical information on all individuals tested revealed characteristics of PML cases, including the geographic distribution, age and sex patterns, and CSF-JCV-positivity rates among the study subjects for each type of underlying condition. During the last five years of the study period, a surveillance system utilizing ultrasensitive PCR testing and widespread clinical attention to PML led to the detection of CSF-JCV in the earlier stages of the disease. The results of this study will provide valuable information not only for PML diagnosis, but also for the treatment of PML-predisposing conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15040968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T10:29:16Z","timestamp":1681468156000},"page":"968","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Nationwide Laboratory Surveillance of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Japan: Fiscal Years 2011\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7594-2607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuo","family":"Nakamichi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshio","family":"Shimokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadaki","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Funata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichiro","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Sanjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motohiro","family":"Yukitake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kouhoukai Takagi Hospital, Okawa-shi 831-0016, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuya","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hokuriku Brain and Neuromuscular Disease Center, National Hospital Organization Iou National Hospital, Kanazawa-shi 920-0192, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Hamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku-gun 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoko","family":"Izaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Saitama Hospital, Wako-shi 351-0102, Saitama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe-shi 350-8550, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Oji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe-shi 350-8550, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2660-530X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryusuke","family":"Ae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1050-2699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koki","family":"Kosami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souichi","family":"Nukuzuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Kobe-shi 650-0046, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6654-1481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosikazu","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoichi","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe-shi 350-8550, Saitama, Japan"},{"name":"Higashimatsuyama Municipal Hospital, Higashimatsuyama-shi 355-0005, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuji","family":"Kishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Narita Tomisato Tokushukai Hospital, Tomisato-shi 286-0201, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidehiro","family":"Mizusawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2416-5662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahito","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kudanzaka Hospital, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Takao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan"},{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Ebihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5458-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayuki","family":"Saijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan"},{"name":"Medical Affairs Department, Health and Welfare Bureau, Sapporo-shi 060-0042, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30040-1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Progressive 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