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We hypothesized that the immunostaining of \u03b2A-activin and follistatin varies in neoplastic cervical lesions. Cervical paraffin-embedded tissues from 162 patients sorted in control (n = 15), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 (n = 38), CIN2 (n = 37), CIN3 (n = 39), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n = 33) groups were examined for \u03b2A-activin and follistatin immunostaining. Human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and genotyping were performed by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Sixteen samples were inconclusive for HPV detection. In total, 93% of the specimens exhibited HPV positivity, which increased with patient age. The most detected high-risk (HR)-HPV type was HPV16 (41.2%) followed by HPV18 (16%). The immunostaining of cytoplasmatic \u03b2A-activin and follistatin was higher than nuclear immunostaining in all cervical epithelium layers of the CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, and SCC groups. A significant decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in the cytoplasmic and nuclear immunostaining of \u03b2A-activin was detected in all cervical epithelial layers from the control to the CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, and SCC groups. Only nuclear follistatin immunostaining exhibited a significant reduction (p &lt; 0.05) in specific epithelial layers of cervical tissues from CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, and SCC compared to the control. Decreased immunostaining of cervical \u03b2A-activin and follistatin at specific stages of CIN progression suggests that the activin\u2013follistatin system participates in the loss of the differentiation control of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic cervical specimens predominantly positive for HPV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T01:35:44Z","timestamp":1682300144000},"page":"1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunostaining of \u03b2A-Activin and Follistatin Is Decreased in HPV(+) Cervical Pre-Neoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Victor Jesus Huaringa","family":"Payano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patog\u00eanese Molecular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara Ver\u00f4nica de Ara\u00fajo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patog\u00eanese Molecular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larissa Rodrigues","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patog\u00eanese Molecular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keila Alves da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patog\u00eanese Molecular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0225-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania Maria","family":"Ortiga-Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Endocrinologia Translacional, Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Tafuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Anatomia Patol\u00f3gica Tafuri, Belo Horizonte 30170-133, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annamaria Ravara","family":"Vago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patog\u00eanese Molecular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0275-8686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrrico","family":"Bloise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Patog\u00eanese Molecular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-910, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, May 25). 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