{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T08:47:04Z","timestamp":1783068424215,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"authors\u2019 own funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causing post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets have a detrimental impact on animal health and economy in pig production. ETEC strains can adhere to the host\u2019s small intestinal epithelial cells using fimbriae such as F4 and F18. Phage therapy could represent an interesting alternative to antimicrobial resistance against ETEC infections. In this study, four bacteriophages, named vB_EcoS_ULIM2, vB_EcoM_ULIM3, vB_EcoM_ULIM8 and vB_EcoM_ULIM9, were isolated against an O8:F18 E. coli strain (A-I-210) and selected based on their host range. These phages were characterized in vitro, showing a lytic activity over a pH (4\u201310) and temperature (25\u201345 \u00b0C) range. According to genomic analysis, these bacteriophages belong to the Caudoviricetes class. No gene related to lysogeny was identified. The in vivo Galleria mellonella larvae model suggested the therapeutic potential of one selected phage, vB_EcoS_ULIM2, with a statistically significant increase in survival compared to non-treated larvae. To assess the effect of this phage on the piglet gut microbiota, vB_EcoS_ULIM2 was inoculated in a static model simulating the piglet intestinal microbial ecosystem for 72 h. This study shows that this phage replicates efficiently both in vitro and in vivo in a Galleria mellonella model and reveals the safety of the phage-based treatment on the piglet microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T01:16:25Z","timestamp":1682471785000},"page":"1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["In Vitro Effect on Piglet Gut Microbiota and In Vivo Assessment of Newly Isolated Bacteriophages against F18 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1029-6269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaux","family":"Navez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"},{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular Sciences, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de G\u00e9noprot\u00e9omique Appliqu\u00e9e (GIGA), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Antoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0088-4307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanny","family":"Lafor\u00eat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0515-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Goya-Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Quality Management, Food Science Department, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4162-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Douny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8463-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Louise","family":"Scippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Vermeersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, ULB, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-No\u00ebl","family":"Duprez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9282-8408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Daube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-0834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Mainil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Taminiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Fundamental and 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