{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:39:27Z","timestamp":1775626767866,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Latvian Council of Science","award":["Nr.lzp-2020\/1-0269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr.lzp-2020\/1-0269"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Predominantly antibody deficiencies (PADs) are inborn disorders characterized by immune dysregulation and increased susceptibility to infections. Response to vaccination, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may be impaired in these patients, and studies on responsiveness correlates, including cytokine signatures to antigen stimulation, are sparse. In this study, we aimed to describe the spike-specific cytokine response following whole-blood stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides in patients with PAD (n = 16 with common variable immunodeficiency and n = 15 with selective IgA deficiency) and its relationship with the occurrence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during up to 10-month follow-up period. Spike-induced antibody and cytokine production was measured using ELISA (anti-spike IgG, IFN-\u03b3) and xMAP technology (interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL-17A, IL-21, TNF-\u03b1, TGF-\u03b21). No difference was found in the production of cytokines between patients with PAD and controls. Anti-spike IgG and cytokine levels did not predict contraction of COVID-19. The only cytokine that distinguished between vaccinated and naturally infected unvaccinated PAD patients was IFN-\u03b3 (median 0.64 (IQR = 1.08) in vaccinated vs. 0.10 (IQR = 0.28) in unvaccinated). This study describes the spike-specific cytokine response to SARS-CoV-2 antigens, which is not predictive of contracting COVID-19 during the follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1683769029000},"page":"1146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cytokine Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Stimulation in Patients with Predominantly Antibody Deficiencies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zane","family":"Lucane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baiba","family":"Slisere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Joint Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Diseases, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2228-4713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gita","family":"Gersone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sindija","family":"Papirte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7219-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Gailite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9446-0558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peteris","family":"Tretjakovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalja","family":"Kurjane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Outpatient Clinic, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Outpatient Clinic, Children\u2019s Clinical University Hospital, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-022-01289-3","article-title":"Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2022 Update on the Classification from the International Union of Immunological Societies Expert Committee","volume":"42","author":"Tangye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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