{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:08:05Z","timestamp":1760148485015,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shionogi &amp; Co., Ltd.","award":["P30 AI 045008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI 045008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a leading cause of genital ulcer disease and a major risk factor for acquisition and transmission of HIV. Frequent recurrent genital lesions and concerns about transmitting infection to intimate partners affect the quality of life of infected individuals. Therapeutic vaccines are urgently needed to reduce the frequency of genital lesions and transmission. S-540956 is a novel vaccine adjuvant that contains CpG oligonucleotide ODN2006 annealed to its complementary sequence and conjugated to a lipid that targets the adjuvant to lymph nodes. Our primary goal was to compare S-540956 administered with HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2) with no treatment in a guinea pig model of recurrent genital herpes (studies 1 and 2). Our secondary goals were to compare S-540956 with oligonucleotide ODN2006 (study1) or glucopyranosyl lipid A in a stable oil-in-water nano-emulsion (GLA-SE) (study 2). gD2\/S-540956 reduced the number of days with recurrent genital lesions by 56%, vaginal shedding of HSV-2 DNA by 49%, and both combined by 54% compared to PBS, and was more efficacious than the two other adjuvants. Our results indicate that S-540956 has great potential as an adjuvant for a therapeutic vaccine for genital herpes, and merits further evaluation with the addition of potent T cell immunogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1683769029000},"page":"1148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Novel Adjuvant S-540956 Targets Lymph Nodes and Reduces Genital Recurrences and Vaginal Shedding of HSV-2 DNA When Administered with HSV-2 Glycoprotein D as a Therapeutic Vaccine in Guinea Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8230-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sita","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7660-2986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motoyasu","family":"Onishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Lubinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard T.","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Naughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5540-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Hook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, 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Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisa J.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6113-7073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary H.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazufumi","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0765-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harvey M.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.237149","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus: Global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016","volume":"98","author":"James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. 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