{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:14:06Z","timestamp":1790766846348,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo sanzioni SPSAL (Servizio di Prevenzione e Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro) art.42 L.R. 11\/2001","award":["Costo 0210399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Costo 0210399"]}]},{"name":"Fondi d\u2019Ateneo Covid-Lab.","award":["Costo 0210399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Costo 0210399"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The humoral response after vaccination was evaluated in 1248 individuals who received different COVID-19 vaccine schedules. The study compared subjects primed with adenoviral ChAdOx1-S (ChAd) and boosted with BNT162b2 (BNT) mRNA vaccines (ChAd\/BNT) to homologous dosing with BNT\/BNT or ChAd\/ChAd vaccines. Serum samples were collected at two, four and six months after vaccination, and anti-Spike IgG responses were determined. The heterologous vaccination induced a more robust immune response than the two homologous vaccinations. ChAd\/BNT induced a stronger immune response than ChAd\/ChAd at all time points, whereas the differences between ChAd\/BNT and BNT\/BNT decreased over time and were not significant at six months. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters associated with IgG decay were estimated by applying a first-order kinetics equation. ChAd\/BNT vaccination was associated with the longest time of anti-S IgG negativization and with a slow decay of the titer over time. Finally, analyzing factors influencing the immune response by ANCOVA analysis, it was found that the vaccine schedule had a significant impact on both the IgG titer and kinetic parameters, and having a Body Mass Index (BMI) above the overweight threshold was associated with an impaired immune response. Overall, the heterologous ChAd\/BNT vaccination may offer longer-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2 than homologous vaccination strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:28:16Z","timestamp":1684139296000},"page":"1162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparing Heterologous and Homologous COVID-19 Vaccination: A Longitudinal Study of Antibody Decay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3288-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Orlandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratorio Covid, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Stefanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Barocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche Area Vasta 1 (ASUR Marche AV1), Viale Comandino 70, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Buffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5456-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora","family":"Diotallevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7612-2819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettore","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1924-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Peluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6\/2, 40127 Bologna, BO, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Vandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche Area Vasta 1 (ASUR Marche AV1), Viale Comandino 70, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Carlotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention, ASUR Marche AV1, Viale Comandino 21, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6456-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Magnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratorio Covid, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1747-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Galluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-7466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Casabianca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratorio Covid, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Arco d\u2019Augusto 2, 61032 Fano, PU, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153532","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2153532","article-title":"Emerging Heterologous MRNA-Based Booster Strategies within the COVID-19 Vaccine Landscape","volume":"19","author":"Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. 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