{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:52:35Z","timestamp":1785214355228,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","award":["HDTRA11810040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA11810040"]}]},{"name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","award":["HDTRA1-23-1-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-23-1-0003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zoonotic pathogens that are vector-transmitted have and continue to contribute to several emerging infections globally. In recent years, spillover events of such zoonotic pathogens have increased in frequency as a result of direct contact with livestock, wildlife, and urbanization, forcing animals from their natural habitats. Equines serve as reservoir hosts for vector-transmitted zoonotic viruses that are also capable of infecting humans and causing disease. From a One Health perspective, equine viruses, therefore, pose major concerns for periodic outbreaks globally. Several equine viruses have spread out of their indigenous regions, such as West Nile virus (WNV) and equine encephalitis viruses (EEVs), making them of paramount concern to public health. Viruses have evolved many mechanisms to support the establishment of productive infection and to avoid host defense mechanisms, including promoting or decreasing inflammatory responses and regulating host machinery for protein synthesis. Viral interactions with the host enzymatic machinery, specifically kinases, can support the viral infectious process and downplay innate immune mechanisms, cumulatively leading to a more severe course of the disease. In this review, we will focus on how select equine viruses interact with host kinases to support viral multiplication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:28:16Z","timestamp":1684139296000},"page":"1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Interactions of Equine Viruses with the Host Kinase Machinery and Implications for One Health and Human Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Carol","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haseebullah","family":"Baha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2678-6481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niloufar","family":"Boghdeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biohealth Innovation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4288-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhang","family":"Alem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biohealth Innovation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarthi","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901812010080","article-title":"Zoonotic Viral Diseases of Equines and Their Impact on Human and Animal Health","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open. Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-030117-014628","article-title":"Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach","volume":"6","author":"Bird","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200355","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0355","article-title":"Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention","volume":"44","author":"Ellwanger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-014-0029-3","article-title":"Practice patterns in the management of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer in Ontario Canada 2000\u20132008","volume":"43","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006841","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006841","article-title":"Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Sharp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.210621.001","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of HIV\/AIDS: A Resurgence in North America and Europe","volume":"11","author":"Govender","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hokello, J., Sharma, A.L., and Tyagi, M. (2021). An Update on the HIV DNA Vaccine Strategy. Vaccines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060605"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2376","article-title":"Equine infectious anaemia and mechanical transmission: Man and the wee beasties","volume":"34","author":"Issel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2671","article-title":"Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus: A Scoping Review of the Global Evidence","volume":"21","author":"Corrin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1612.100640","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and their role as bridge vectors","volume":"16","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab079","article-title":"Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Taxonomy, Genomics, and Evolution","volume":"59","author":"Ciota","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0544-0","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir","volume":"13","author":"Mohd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2018.1467151","article-title":"Viral proteins targeting host protein kinase R to evade an innate immune response: A mini review","volume":"34","author":"Dzananovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01369-10","article-title":"Viral serine\/threonine protein kinases","volume":"85","author":"Jacob","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mudhasani, R., Tran, J.P., Retterer, C., Kota, K.P., Whitehouse, C.A., and Bavari, S. (2016). Protein Kinase R Degradation Is Essential for Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection and Is Regulated by SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF)FBXW11-NSs E3 Ligase. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005437"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.031","article-title":"Rift Valley fever virus NSs inhibits host transcription independently of the degradation of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR","volume":"435","author":"Kalveram","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.05.028","article-title":"Role of MAPK\/MNK1 signaling in virus replication","volume":"253","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00302","article-title":"Kinase Inhibitors as Underexplored Antiviral Agents","volume":"65","author":"Caballero","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-020-00360-4","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus: The problem is not over for tropical America","volume":"19","author":"Mattar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"99","article-title":"Equine viral encephalitis: Prevalence, impact, and management strategies","volume":"10","author":"Barba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Auckl"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2023, March 23). USDA Animal and Plant Helath Inpsection Service: Equine Encephalitis (EEE\/WEE\/VEE), Available online: https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/aphis\/ourfocus\/animalhealth\/animal-disease-information\/equine\/eee-wee-vee\/equine-encephalitis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12210","article-title":"The role of the IKK complex in viral infections","volume":"72","author":"Amaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.3390\/v7102872","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Single Stranded RNA Virus Proteins and Potential for Novel Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"7","author":"Keck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02652","article-title":"Interactions of Alphavirus nsP3 Protein with Host Proteins","volume":"8","author":"Lark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Risner, K., Ahmed, A., Bakovic, A., Kortchak, S., Bhalla, N., and Narayanan, A. (2019). Efficacy of FDA-Approved Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121151"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahal, B., Lehman, C.W., Akhrymuk, I., Bracci, N.R., Panny, L., Barrera, M.D., Bhalla, N., Jacobs, J.L., Dinman, J.D., and Kehn-Hall, K. (2021). PERK Is Critical for Alphavirus Nonstructural Protein Translation. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050892"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.10.016","article-title":"EGR1 upregulation following Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection is regulated by ERK and PERK pathways contributing to cell death","volume":"539","author":"Dahal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02827-15","article-title":"Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1","volume":"90","author":"Baer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehman, C.W., Kehn-Hall, K., Aggarwal, M., Bracci, N.R., Pan, H.C., Panny, L., Lamb, R.A., and Lin, S.C. (2021). Resveratrol Inhibits Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection by Interfering with the AKT\/GSK Pathway. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020346"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.09.005","article-title":"Inhibition of host extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation decreases new world alphavirus multiplication in infected cells","volume":"468\u2013470","author":"Voss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.06.015","article-title":"Equine arteritis virus","volume":"167","author":"Balasuriya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30397-8","article-title":"Equine viral arteritis","volume":"9","author":"Timoney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine. Pract."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.04.041","article-title":"Equine arteritis virus is delivered to an acidic compartment of host cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis","volume":"377","author":"Nitschke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carossino, M., Dini, P., Kalbfleisch, T.S., Loynachan, A.T., Canisso, I.F., Cook, R.F., Timoney, P.J., and Balasuriya, U.B.R. (2019). Equine arteritis virus long-term persistence is orchestrated by CD8+ T lymphocyte transcription factors, inhibitory receptors, and the CXCL16\/CXCR6 axis. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007950"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1515-4","article-title":"NF-\u03baB activation by equine arteritis virus is MyD88 dependent and promotes viral replication","volume":"158","author":"Mottahedin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420658","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/420658","article-title":"Equine arteritis virus does not induce interferon production in equine endothelial cells: Identification of nonstructural protein 1 as a main interferon antagonist","volume":"2014","author":"Go","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.08.013","article-title":"West Nile viral infection of equids","volume":"167","author":"Angenvoort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Clark, M.B., and Schaefer, T.J. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saiz, J.C. (2020). Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9121073"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi, S., Yoshii, K., Phongphaew, W., Muto, M., Hirano, M., Orba, Y., Sawa, H., and Kariwa, H. (2020). West Nile virus capsid protein inhibits autophagy by AMP-activated protein kinase degradation in neurological disease development. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008238"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8721","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00144-10","article-title":"Virus-induced Ca2+ influx extends survival of west nile virus-infected cells","volume":"84","author":"Scherbik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02030-12","article-title":"The West Nile virus capsid protein blocks apoptosis through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism","volume":"87","author":"Urbanowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9650","article-title":"Induction of CD95 (Fas) and apoptosis in respiratory epithelial cell cultures following respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"257","author":"Milligan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.3.1343-1350.2005","article-title":"West Nile virus inhibits the signal transduction pathway of alpha interferon","volume":"79","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bl\u00e1zquez, A.B., V\u00e1zquez-Calvo, \u00c1., Mart\u00edn-Acebes, M.A., and Saiz, J.C. (2018). Pharmacological Inhibition of Protein Kinase C Reduces West Nile Virus Replication. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020091"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30399-1","article-title":"Equine infectious anemia","volume":"9","author":"Sellon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"727","article-title":"Equine infectious anemia: Current knowledge","volume":"174","author":"Issel","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Role of horse fly (Tabanus fuscicostatus Hine) and stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) in transmission of equine infectious anemia to ponies in Louisiana","volume":"34","author":"Hawkins","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103795","article-title":"Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV): Evidence of Circulation in Donkeys from the Brazilian Northeast Region","volume":"108","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Equine. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.3390\/v7062769","article-title":"Characterization of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Integration in the Horse Genome","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14489","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.23.14489-14497.2005","article-title":"Receptor-mediated entry by equine infectious anemia virus utilizes a pH-dependent endocytic pathway","volume":"79","author":"Jin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9918","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501560102","article-title":"A tumor necrosis factor receptor family protein serves as a cellular receptor for the macrophage-tropic equine lentivirus","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01849","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor Regulation of Nuclear Factor \u03baB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.8.2629-2634.2000","article-title":"P-TEFb, a cyclin-dependent kinase controlling elongation by RNA polymerase II","volume":"20","author":"Price","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4098","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612823666170704130635","article-title":"The HIV-1 Tat Protein: Mechanism of Action and Target for HIV-1 Cure Strategies","volume":"23","author":"Rice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-015-0163-7","article-title":"Mice transgenic for equine cyclin T1 and ELR1 are susceptible to equine infectious anemia virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17083","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.83","article-title":"Rotavirus infection","volume":"3","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omatola, C.A., and Olaniran, A.O. (2022). Rotaviruses: From Pathogenesis to Disease Control-A Critical Review. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050875"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.32.1","article-title":"Equine rotavirus infection","volume":"32","author":"Nemoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Equine. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2009.0072","article-title":"Rotavirus and reovirus modulation of the interferon response","volume":"29","author":"Sherry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Interferon. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-40-1-1","article-title":"Rotaviruses","volume":"40","author":"McNulty","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198193","article-title":"Plasmid-based reverse genetics for probing phosphorylation-dependent viroplasm formation in rotaviruses","volume":"291","author":"Criglar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"107","article-title":"Rotavirus replication","volume":"185","author":"Patton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0007","article-title":"Viral phosphodiesterases that antagonize double-stranded RNA signaling to RNase L by degrading 2-5A","volume":"34","author":"Silverman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interferon. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassetto, M., Van Dycke, J., Neyts, J., Brancale, A., and Rocha-Pereira, J. (2019). Targeting the Viral Polymerase of Diarrhea-Causing Viruses as a Strategy to Develop a Single Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Therapy. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020173"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22967","article-title":"Nlrp9b inflammasome restricts rotavirus infection in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"546","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.7.3461-3470.2002","article-title":"Rotavirus NSP5: Mapping phosphorylation sites and kinase activation and viroplasm localization domains","volume":"76","author":"Eichwald","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.103149","article-title":"Hendra Virus Infection in Horses: A Review on Emerging Mystery Paramyxovirus","volume":"91","author":"Khusro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2014.08.004","article-title":"Hendra virus","volume":"30","author":"Middleton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100207","article-title":"Hendra virus: Epidemiology dynamics in relation to climate change, diagnostic tests and control measures","volume":"12","author":"Yuen","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0203.960315","article-title":"Serologic evidence for the presence in Pteropus bats of a paramyxovirus related to equine morbillivirus","volume":"2","author":"Young","year":"1996","journal-title":"Emerg Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bharaj, P., Wang, Y.E., Dawes, B.E., Yun, T.E., Park, A., Yen, B., Basler, C.F., Freiberg, A.N., Lee, B., and Rajsbaum, R. (2016). The Matrix Protein of Nipah Virus Targets the E3-Ubiquitin Ligase TRIM6 to Inhibit the IKK\u03b5 Kinase-Mediated Type-I IFN Antiviral Response. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005880"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1323","article-title":"Hendra and Nipah viruses: Different and dangerous","volume":"4","author":"Eaton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Obando, J., Forero, J.E., Zuluaga-Cabrera, A.M., and Ruiz-Saenz, J. (2022). Equine Influenza Virus: An Old Known Enemy in the Americas. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101718"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.30.1.2021","article-title":"The 2007 outbreak of equine influenza in Australia: Lessons learned for international trade in horses","volume":"30","author":"Watson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2002.9695127","article-title":"Equine influenza virus infections: An update","volume":"24","author":"Cullinane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01941","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.161846","article-title":"Equine Influenza Virus\u2014A Neglected, Reemergent Disease Threat","volume":"25","author":"Sack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117950","article-title":"Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs","volume":"310","author":"Crawford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2011.00734.x","article-title":"Infection of dogs with equine influenza virus: Evidence for transmission from horses during the Australian outbreak","volume":"89","author":"Crispe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.070643","article-title":"Transmission of equine influenza virus to English foxhounds","volume":"14","author":"Daly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2012.140867","article-title":"Equine influenza A(H3N8) virus infection in cats","volume":"20","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"447","article-title":"Experimental infection in man and horses with influenza A viruses","volume":"41","author":"Kasel","year":"1969","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120723","article-title":"Human responses to experimental infection with influenza A\/Equi 2 virus","volume":"86","author":"Alford","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.04.009","article-title":"Serological evidence of equine influenza infections among persons with horse exposure, Iowa","volume":"67","author":"Larson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(01)00468-0","article-title":"Caspase activation in equine influenza virus induced apoptotic cell death","volume":"84","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1010","article-title":"The involvement of a stress-activated pathway in equine influenza virus-mediated apoptosis","volume":"287","author":"Lin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1997.3602","article-title":"Characterization of influenza virus-induced death of J774.1 macrophages","volume":"234","author":"Lowy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02668","article-title":"EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry","volume":"10","author":"Oladunni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"89","article-title":"Infections of fetuses and foals","volume":"37","author":"Dimock","year":"1947","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"829","article-title":"Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpesvirus 4 infections","volume":"2","author":"Allen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Livest."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"517","article-title":"Phospholipid lung profile in adult respiratory distress syndrome--evidence for surfactant abnormality","volume":"236a","author":"Pison","year":"1987","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Hage, C., Mekuria, Z., Dynon, K., Hartley, C., McBride, K., and Gilkerson, J. (2021). Association of Equine Herpesvirus 5 with Mild Respiratory Disease in a Survey of EHV1, -2, -4 and -5 in 407 Australian Horses. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123418"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0304.x","article-title":"Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement","volume":"23","author":"Lunn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.08.004","article-title":"Equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy: A review of recent developments","volume":"180","author":"Pusterla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30255-9","article-title":"Equine herpesvirus 1 myeloencephalopathy","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine. Pract."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"864","article-title":"Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy","volume":"19","author":"Donaldson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Studdert, M.J. (1996). Virus Infections of Equines, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02898.x","article-title":"An immunohistological study of the uterus of mares following experimental infection by equid herpesvirus 1","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Equine. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C000792200","article-title":"vCLAP, a caspase-recruitment domain-containing protein of equine Herpesvirus-2, persistently activates the Ikappa B kinases through oligomerization of IKKgamma","volume":"276","author":"Poyet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10879","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00504-07","article-title":"Equine herpesvirus 1 enters cells by two different pathways, and infection requires the activation of the cellular kinase ROCK1","volume":"81","author":"Frampton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31116","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M503518200","article-title":"Focal adhesion kinase plays a pivotal role in herpes simplex virus entry","volume":"280","author":"Cheshenko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00941","article-title":"Alpha-Herpesvirus Thymidine Kinase Genes Mediate Viral Virulence and Are Potential Therapeutic Targets","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40533","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17125","article-title":"Oncolytic efficacy of thymidine kinase-deleted vaccinia virus strain Guang9","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.002","article-title":"Deletion of the thymidine kinase gene induces complete attenuation of the Georgia isolate of African swine fever virus","volume":"213","author":"Sanford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-008-0318-x","article-title":"Rana grylio virus thymidine kinase gene: An early gene of iridovirus encoding for a cytoplasmic protein","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"260","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a thymidine kinase negative equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine in young horses","volume":"54","author":"Cornick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-74-5-819","article-title":"Pathogenicity of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of equine herpesvirus 1 in mice and specific pathogen-free foals","volume":"74","author":"Slater","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.080703","article-title":"New hosts for equine herpesvirus 9","volume":"14","author":"Schrenzel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30251-1","article-title":"Rabies","volume":"13","author":"Green","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine. Pract."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.1.91-98.2000","article-title":"The phosphoprotein of rabies virus is phosphorylated by a unique cellular protein kinase and specific isomers of protein kinase C","volume":"74","author":"Gupta","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02602-14","article-title":"Focal adhesion kinase is involved in rabies virus infection through its interaction with viral phosphoprotein P","volume":"89","author":"Fouquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Wang, J., Shuai, L., Ma, X., Zhang, H., Liu, R., Chen, W., Wang, X., Ge, J., and Wen, Z. (2019). The Serine\/Threonine Kinase AP2-Associated Kinase 1 Plays an Important Role in Rabies Virus Entry. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010045"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2541","article-title":"Zoonotic Diseases from Horses: A Systematic Review","volume":"20","author":"Sack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic. Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7673","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.12.7673-7681.2005","article-title":"Identification of the rabies virus alpha\/beta interferon antagonist: Phosphoprotein P interferes with phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3","volume":"79","author":"Finke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111949","article-title":"Rabies virus P protein binds to TBK1 and interferes with the formation of innate immunity-related liquid condensates","volume":"42","author":"Scrima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7669","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.12.7669-7675.1994","article-title":"Molecular biology of borna disease virus: Prototype of a new group of animal viruses","volume":"68","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7258","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005107200","article-title":"Borna disease virus persistent infection activates mitogen-activated protein kinase and blocks neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells","volume":"276","author":"Hans","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390194064","article-title":"Borna disease virus","volume":"9","author":"Hornig","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.135.12.283","article-title":"Borna virus infections in cattle associated with fatal neurological disease","volume":"135","author":"Bode","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.132.10.241","article-title":"Detection of antibodies against Borna disease virus in sera and cerebrospinal fluid of horses in the USA","volume":"132","author":"Kao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.133.12.304-b","article-title":"Borna disease in ostriches","volume":"133","author":"Malkinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Sellon, D.C., and Long, M.T. (2014). Equine Infectious Diseases, W.B. Saunders. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"993","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation on natural infection of different canine breeds with Borna disease virus in Ili, China","volume":"30","author":"Zhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation on natural infection to Borna disease virus (BDV) among horses in Yili, Xinjiang","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c6405","article-title":"Borna disease virus infection of a horse in Great Britain","volume":"168","author":"Priestnall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Study on molecular epidemiology of Borna disease virus in Zunyi regions of Guizhou province","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.513-527.2001","article-title":"Borna disease virus and human disease","volume":"14","author":"Carbone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"17","article-title":"Natural and experimental Borna disease in animals","volume":"190","author":"Rott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Top Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00662636","article-title":"Determination of immune cells and expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen in encephalitic lesions of experimental Borna disease","volume":"81","author":"Deschl","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12886","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.23.12886-12890.2003","article-title":"Rat model of Borna disease virus transmission: Epidemiological implications","volume":"77","author":"Sauder","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00191945","article-title":"Demonstration of Borna disease virus-specific RNA in secretions of naturally infected horses by the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"182","author":"Richt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00189527","article-title":"Axonal transport of Borna disease virus along olfactory pathways in spontaneously and experimentally infected rats","volume":"177","author":"Morales","year":"1988","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30097-4","article-title":"Borna disease in horses","volume":"16","author":"Richt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine. Pract."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Grabner, A., Herzog, S., Hafner, A., and Schmidt, P. (,  1998). BDV infections of horses in Germany: Clinical and epidemiological aspects. Proceedings of the Second International Bornavirus Meeting, Freiburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970311","article-title":"Borna disease virus infection in animals and humans","volume":"3","author":"Richt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000062","article-title":"The pathogenesis of bornaviral diseases in mammals","volume":"17","author":"Tizard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.1.1217","article-title":"Borna disease virus: New aspects on infection, disease, diagnosis and epidemiology","volume":"19","author":"Ludwig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.09.036","article-title":"Borna disease virus\u2014Fact and fantasy","volume":"162","author":"Lipkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1415627","article-title":"A Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus Associated with Fatal Human Encephalitis","volume":"373","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubbenstroth, D., Schlottau, K., Schwemmle, M., Rissland, J., and Beer, M. (2019). Human bornavirus research: Back on track!. PLOS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007873"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.172027","article-title":"Occupation-Associated Fatal Limbic Encephalitis Caused by Variegated Squirrel Bornavirus 1, Germany, 2013","volume":"24","author":"Tappe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1803115","article-title":"Fatal Encephalitic Borna Disease Virus 1 in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"379","author":"Schlottau","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1800724","article-title":"Fatal Encephalitis Associated with Borna Disease Virus 1","volume":"379","author":"Korn","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02005-z","article-title":"Severe bornavirus-encephalitis presenting as Guillain-Barr\u00e9-syndrome","volume":"137","author":"Coras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volmer, R., Monnet, C., and Gonzalez-Dunia, D. (2006). Borna disease virus blocks potentiation of presynaptic activity through inhibition of protein kinase C signaling. PLoS Pathog., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020019"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-010-0645-9","article-title":"Protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of Borna disease virus P protein is required for efficient viral spread","volume":"155","author":"Schmid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21818","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.35.21818","article-title":"Borna disease virus P-protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase Cepsilon and casein kinase II","volume":"272","author":"Schwemmle","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.10.6043-6051.2005","article-title":"Constitutive activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB results in impaired borna disease virus replication","volume":"79","author":"Bourteele","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8696","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08696","article-title":"Borna disease virus possesses an NF-\u0138B inhibitory sequence in the nucleoprotein gene","volume":"5","author":"Makino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/5\/1163\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:34:24Z","timestamp":1760124864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/5\/1163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v15051163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15051163","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]}}}