{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T19:26:42Z","timestamp":1787858802997,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17161272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17161272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19180392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19180392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17105420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17105420"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C7042-21G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7042-21G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Food and Health Bureau of the HKSAR government","award":["17161272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17161272"]}]},{"name":"Food and Health Bureau of the HKSAR government","award":["19180392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19180392"]}]},{"name":"Food and Health Bureau of the HKSAR government","award":["17105420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17105420"]}]},{"name":"Food and Health Bureau of the HKSAR government","award":["C7042-21G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7042-21G"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["17161272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17161272"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["19180392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19180392"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["17105420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17105420"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund","award":["C7042-21G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7042-21G"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["17161272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17161272"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["19180392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19180392"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["17105420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17105420"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Fund","award":["C7042-21G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7042-21G"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of HKSAR government","award":["17161272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17161272"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of HKSAR government","award":["19180392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19180392"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of HKSAR government","award":["17105420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17105420"]}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of HKSAR government","award":["C7042-21G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C7042-21G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The respiratory epithelium, particularly the airway epithelium, is the primary infection site for respiratory pathogens. The apical surface of epithelial cells is constantly exposed to external stimuli including invading pathogens. Efforts have been made to establish organoid cultures to recapitulate the human respiratory tract. However, a robust and simple model with an easily accessible apical surface would benefit respiratory research. Here, we report the generation and characterization of apical-out airway organoids from the long-term expandable lung organoids that we previously established. The apical-out airway organoids morphologically and functionally recapitulated the human airway epithelium at a comparable level to the apical-in airway organoids. Moreover, apical-out airway organoids sustained productive and multicycle replication of SARS-CoV-2, and accurately recapitulated the higher infectivity and replicative fitness of the Omicron variants BA.5 and B.1.1.529 and an ancestral virus. In conclusion, we established a physiologically relevant and convenient apical-out airway organoid model for studying respiratory biology and diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T08:28:16Z","timestamp":1684139296000},"page":"1166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Apical-Out Human Airway Organoids Modeling SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9503-6396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man Chun","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.082","article-title":"Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids","volume":"165","author":"Clevers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2017.02.007","article-title":"Disease Modeling in Stem Cell-Derived 3D Organoid Systems","volume":"23","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Mol. 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