{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T11:33:04Z","timestamp":1773660784193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["FAPESP (2020\/05623-0)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP (2020\/05623-0)"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["IISP # 60384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IISP # 60384"]}]},{"name":"Merck Investigator Studies Program\u2014MISP Protocol","award":["FAPESP (2020\/05623-0)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAPESP (2020\/05623-0)"]}]},{"name":"Merck Investigator Studies Program\u2014MISP Protocol","award":["IISP # 60384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IISP # 60384"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction\u2014The dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 shedding and replication in humans remain incompletely understood. Methods\u2014We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 shedding from multiple sites in individuals with an acute COVID-19 infection by weekly sampling for five weeks in 98 immunocompetent and 25 immunosuppressed individuals. Samples and culture supernatants were tested via RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 to determine viral clearance rates and in vitro replication. Results\u2014A total of 2447 clinical specimens were evaluated, including 557 nasopharyngeal swabs, 527 saliva samples, 464 urine specimens, 437 anal swabs and 462 blood samples. The SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences at each site were classified as belonging to the B.1.128 (ancestral strain) or Gamma lineage. SARS-CoV-2 detection was highest in nasopharyngeal swabs regardless of the virus strain involved or the immune status of infected individuals. The duration of viral shedding varied between clinical specimens and individual patients. Prolonged shedding of potentially infectious virus varied from 10 days up to 191 days, and primarily occurred in immunosuppressed individuals. Virus was isolated in culture from 18 nasal swab or saliva samples collected 10 or more days after onset of disease. Conclusions\u2014Our findings indicate that persistent SARS-CoV-2 shedding may occur in both competent or immunosuppressed individuals, at multiple clinical sites and in a minority of subjects is capable of in vitro replication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1685346563000},"page":"1270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Detection and Culture in Different Biological Specimens from Immunocompetent and Immunosuppressed COVID-19 Patients Infected with Two Different Viral Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5655-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C\u00e1ssia","family":"Mendes-Correa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Aculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. En\u00e9as Carvalho de Aguiar, n. 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5507-0063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matias Chiarastelli","family":"Salom\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Aculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. En\u00e9as Carvalho de Aguiar, n. 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-010, Brazil"},{"name":"Rua Peixoto Gomide, 645, Sao Paulo 01409-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Ghilardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Aculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. En\u00e9as Carvalho de Aguiar, n. 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania Regina","family":"Tozetto-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Aculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. En\u00e9as Carvalho de Aguiar, n. 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Santos Villas-Boas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Aculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. En\u00e9as Carvalho de Aguiar, n. 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anderson Vicente","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Aculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. 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Dr. En\u00e9as Carvalho de Aguiar, n. 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5516-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Charlys","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio E.","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da, Universidade Municipal de Sao Caetano do Sul, S\u00e3o Paulo 09521-160, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1334-6153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea de Barros Coscelli","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da, Universidade Municipal de Sao Caetano do Sul, S\u00e3o Paulo 09521-160, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9048-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia C. S.","family":"Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Aculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Dr. En\u00e9as Carvalho de Aguiar, n. 470, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingra M.","family":"Claro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Aculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. 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