{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T23:33:19Z","timestamp":1781825599633,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"St. George\u2019s University","award":["GSP-SRGI-18009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSP-SRGI-18009"]}]},{"name":"St. George\u2019s University","award":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"]}]},{"name":"St. George\u2019s University","award":["R21HD093551-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD093551-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"US Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GSP-SRGI-18009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSP-SRGI-18009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"US Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"US Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD093551-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD093551-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GSP-SRGI-18009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSP-SRGI-18009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21HD093551-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD093551-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stanford Maternal Child Health Research Institute New Ideas Award (ADL)","award":["GSP-SRGI-18009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSP-SRGI-18009"]}]},{"name":"Stanford Maternal Child Health Research Institute New Ideas Award (ADL)","award":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"]}]},{"name":"Stanford Maternal Child Health Research Institute New Ideas Award (ADL)","award":["R21HD093551-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD093551-01"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["GSP-SRGI-18009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSP-SRGI-18009"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-14-00028"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["R21HD093551-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD093551-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) is associated with a distinct pattern of birth defects, known as congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). In ZIKV-exposed children without CZS, it is often unclear whether they were protected from in utero infection and neurotropism. Early neurodevelopmental assessment is essential for detecting neurodevelopmental delays (NDDs) and prioritizing at-risk children for early intervention. We compared neurodevelopmental outcomes between ZIKV-exposed and unexposed children at 1, 3 and 4 years to assess exposure-associated NDD risk. A total of 384 mother\u2013child dyads were enrolled during a period of active ZIKV transmission (2016\u20132017) in Grenada, West Indies. Exposure status was based on laboratory assessment of prenatal and postnatal maternal serum. Neurodevelopment was assessed using the Oxford Neurodevelopment Assessment, the NEPSY\u00ae Second Edition and Cardiff Vision Tests, at 12 (n = 66), 36 (n = 58) and 48 (n = 59) months, respectively. There were no differences in NDD rates or vision scores between ZIKV-exposed and unexposed children. Rates of microcephaly at birth (0.88% vs. 0.83%, p = 0.81), and childhood stunting and wasting did not differ between groups. Our results show that Grenadian ZIKV-exposed children, the majority of whom were without microcephaly, had similar neurodevelopmental outcomes to unexposed controls up to at least an age of 4 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T02:01:15Z","timestamp":1685498475000},"page":"1290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Does Intra-Uterine Exposure to the Zika Virus Increase Risks of Cognitive Delay at Preschool Ages? Findings from a Zika-Exposed Cohort from Grenada, West Indies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0051-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Women\u2019s Productive Health, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Caribbean Center for Child Neurodevelopment, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Center for Child Neurodevelopment, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3300-0018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mira","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Landon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Center for Child Neurodevelopment, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"No\u00ebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Center for Child Neurodevelopment, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calum","family":"Macpherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Center for Child Neurodevelopment, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Cudjoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Center for Child Neurodevelopment, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kemi S.","family":"Burgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Center for Child Neurodevelopment, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3872-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall","family":"Waechter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Center for Child Neurodevelopment, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Neuroscience, and Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, St. George\u2019s University, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Desiree","family":"LaBeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Center for Child Neurodevelopment, Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, St. George P.O. Box 7, Grenada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2665-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Blackmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31389-7","article-title":"Early childhood development coming of age: Science through the life course","volume":"389","author":"Black","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y","article-title":"Brain charts for the human lifespan","volume":"604","author":"Bethlehem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-321031","article-title":"Neurodevelopment in normocephalic children with and without prenatal Zika virus exposure","volume":"107","author":"Blackmon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. 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