{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T06:57:49Z","timestamp":1779173869882,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung","award":["2016.115.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016.115.1"]}]},{"name":"Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung","award":["2020.003.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.003.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) leads to the production and release of subviral particles, termed Dense Bodies (DB). They are enclosed by a membrane resembling the viral envelope. This membrane mediates the entrance of DBs into cells in a way that is comparable to virus infection. HCMV attachment and entry trigger the induction of interferon synthesis and secretion, and the subsequent expression of interferon-regulated genes (IRGs) that might inhibit replication of the virus. Recently, we demonstrated that DBs induce a robust interferon response in the absence of infection. Little is known thus far, including how DBs influence HCMV infection and virus\u2013host interaction. (2) Methods: Purified DBs were used to study the impact on virus replication and on the innate defense mechanisms of the cell. (3) Results: The incubation of cells with DBs at the time of infection had little effect on viral genome replication. Preincubation of DBs, however, led to a marked reduction in viral release from infected cells. These cells showed an enhancement of the cytopathic effect, associated with a moderate increase in early apoptosis. Despite virus-induced mechanisms to limit the interferon response, the induction of interferon-regulated genes (IRGs) was upregulated by DB treatment. (4) Conclusions: DBs sensitize cells against viral infection, comparable to the effects of interferons. The activities of these particles need to be considered when studying viral\u2013host interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T02:02:15Z","timestamp":1686103335000},"page":"1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Subviral Dense Bodies of Human Cytomegalovirus Enhance Interferon-Beta Responses in Infected Cells and Impair Progeny Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Inessa","family":"Penner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"B\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffi","family":"Krauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bodo","family":"Plachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1938","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1938","article-title":"Hearing and neurodevelopmental outcomes for children with asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Bartlett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. 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