{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:16:03Z","timestamp":1790284563989,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Centers for Infectious Diseases Research program of the National Institutes of Health","award":["U19-AI 45452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI 45452"]}]},{"name":"International Centers for Infectious Diseases Research program of the National Institutes of Health","award":["04-90-0075-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04-90-0075-8"]}]},{"name":"International Centers for Infectious Diseases Research program of the National Institutes of Health","award":["ftd06-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ftd06-089"]}]},{"name":"International Centers for Infectious Diseases Research program of the National Institutes of Health","award":["FPI-MEF-056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI-MEF-056"]}]},{"name":"International Centers for Infectious Diseases Research program of the National Institutes of Health","award":["111130150.501.274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111130150.501.274"]}]},{"name":"Gorgas Memorial Institute of Studies of Health, Hantavirus Research Project","award":["U19-AI 45452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI 45452"]}]},{"name":"Gorgas Memorial Institute of Studies of Health, Hantavirus Research Project","award":["04-90-0075-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04-90-0075-8"]}]},{"name":"Gorgas Memorial Institute of Studies of Health, Hantavirus Research Project","award":["ftd06-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ftd06-089"]}]},{"name":"Gorgas Memorial Institute of Studies of Health, Hantavirus Research Project","award":["FPI-MEF-056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI-MEF-056"]}]},{"name":"Gorgas Memorial Institute of Studies of Health, Hantavirus Research Project","award":["111130150.501.274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111130150.501.274"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia","award":["U19-AI 45452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI 45452"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia","award":["04-90-0075-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04-90-0075-8"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia","award":["ftd06-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ftd06-089"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia","award":["FPI-MEF-056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI-MEF-056"]}]},{"name":"Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia","award":["111130150.501.274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111130150.501.274"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["U19-AI 45452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI 45452"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["04-90-0075-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04-90-0075-8"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["ftd06-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ftd06-089"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["FPI-MEF-056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI-MEF-056"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["111130150.501.274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111130150.501.274"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["U19-AI 45452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI 45452"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["04-90-0075-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04-90-0075-8"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["ftd06-089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ftd06-089"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["FPI-MEF-056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPI-MEF-056"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Finance of Panama","award":["111130150.501.274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111130150.501.274"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Twenty years have passed since the emergence of hantavirus zoonosis in Panama at the beginning of this millennium. We provide an overview of epidemiological surveillance of hantavirus disease (hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hantavirus fever) during the period 1999\u20132019 by including all reported and confirmed cases according to the case definition established by the health authority. Our findings reveal that hantavirus disease is a low-frequency disease, affecting primarily young people, with a relatively low case-fatality rate compared to other hantaviruses in the Americas (e.g., ANDV and SNV). It presents an annual variation with peaks every 4\u20135 years and an interannual variation influenced by agricultural activities. Hantavirus disease is endemic in about 27% of Panama, which corresponds to agroecological conditions that favor the population dynamics of the rodent host, Oligoryzomys costaricensis and the virus (Choclo orthohantavirus) responsible for hantavirus disease. However, this does not rule out the existence of other endemic areas to be characterized. Undoubtedly, decentralization of the laboratory test and dissemination of evidence-based surveillance guidelines and regulations have standardized and improved diagnosis, notification at the level of the primary care system, and management in intensive care units nationwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T01:37:38Z","timestamp":1687225058000},"page":"1395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Hantavirus in Panama: Twenty Years of Epidemiological Surveillance Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8378-006X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blas","family":"Armi\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"},{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (SENACYT), Panama City 0816-02852, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Health Region of Los Santos, Ministry of Health, Las Tablas, Los Santos 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Cede\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Panama City 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4859-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline R.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tybbyssay P.","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0226-1557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Publio","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Trujillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Gustavo Nelson Collado, Caja de Seguro Social, Chitre, Herrera 0816-06808, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyanira","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Rural de Tonos\u00ed, Ministerio de Salud, Tonosi, Los Santos 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamileth","family":"Mari\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Rural de Tonos\u00ed, Ministerio de Salud, Tonosi, Los Santos 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayvar","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Rural de Tonos\u00ed, Ministerio de Salud, Tonosi, Los Santos 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harmodio","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Rural de Tonos\u00ed, Ministerio de Salud, Tonosi, Los Santos 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leisy Yovany","family":"Villarreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Rural de Tonos\u00ed, Ministerio de Salud, Tonosi, Los Santos 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elba","family":"Grimaldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Joaqu\u00edn Pablo Franco Sayas, Ministry of Health, Las Tablas, Los Santos 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Gustavo Nelson Collado, Caja de Seguro Social, Chitre, Herrera 0816-06808, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heydy","family":"Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Ezequiel Abad\u00eda, Caja de Seguro Social, Son\u00e1, Veraguas 0816-06808, Panama"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Caja de Seguro Social, Santiago, Veraguas 0816-06808, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Hesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Dr. Luis Chicho F\u00e1brega, Ministry of Health, Santiago, Veraguas 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Dr. Luis Chicho F\u00e1brega, Ministry of Health, Santiago, Veraguas 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Dr. Luis Chicho F\u00e1brega, Ministry of Health, Santiago, Veraguas 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Health Region of Veraguas, Ministry of Health, Santiago, Veraguas 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ovidio","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Health Region of Veraguas, Ministry of Health, Santiago, Veraguas 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Health Region of Herrera, Ministry of Health, Chitre, Herrera 0816-06812, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milagro","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Regional Rafael Estevez, Caja de Seguro Social, Aguadulce, Cocl\u00e9 0816-06808, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudick","family":"Kant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of the Caja de Seguro Social, Panama City 0816-06808, 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Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardino","family":"Denis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esthefani","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaxelis","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sistema Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n (SNI), Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (SENACYT), Panama City 0816-02852, Panama"},{"name":"Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia","family":"Tulloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Santo Tom\u00e1s, Panama City 0816-05602, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Miguel","family":"Pascale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Dunnum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, 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