{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:13:52Z","timestamp":1787030032133,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health grants","award":["AI152004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI152004"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health grants","award":["AI121591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI121591"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health grants","award":["GM103648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103648"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health grants","award":["HR-20-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR-20-050"]}]},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Adult Stem Cell Research-A Program of Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust (TSET)","award":["AI152004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI152004"]}]},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Adult Stem Cell Research-A Program of Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust (TSET)","award":["AI121591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI121591"]}]},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Adult Stem Cell Research-A Program of Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust (TSET)","award":["GM103648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103648"]}]},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Adult Stem Cell Research-A Program of Tobacco Settlement Endowment Trust (TSET)","award":["HR-20-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR-20-050"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008569","name":"Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI152004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI152004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008569","name":"Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI121591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI121591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008569","name":"Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GM103648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008569","name":"Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HR-20-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR-20-050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Lundberg-Kienlen Endowment fund","award":["AI152004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI152004"]}]},{"name":"Lundberg-Kienlen Endowment fund","award":["AI121591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI121591"]}]},{"name":"Lundberg-Kienlen Endowment fund","award":["GM103648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM103648"]}]},{"name":"Lundberg-Kienlen Endowment fund","award":["HR-20-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HR-20-050"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A virus (IAV) is an eight-segment negative-sense RNA virus and is subjected to gene recombination between strains to form novel strains, which may lead to influenza pandemics. Seasonal influenza occurs annually and causes great losses in public healthcare. In this study, we examined the role of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 and 2 (IFIT1 and IFIT2) in influenza virus infection. Knockdown of IFIT1 or IFIT2 using a lentiviral shRNA increased viral nucleoprotein (NP) and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) protein levels, as well as progeny virus production in A\/Puerto Rico\/8\/34 H1N1 (PR\/8)-infected lung epithelial A549 cells. Overexpression of IFIT1 or IFIT2 reduced viral NP and NS1 RNA and protein levels in PR\/8-infected HEK293 cells. Overexpression of IFIT1 or IFIT2 also inhibited influenza virus infection of various H1N1 strains, including PR\/8, A\/WSN\/1933, A\/California\/07\/2009 and A\/Oklahoma\/3052\/2009, as determined by a viral reporter luciferase assay. Furthermore, knockdown of IFIT1 or IFIT2 increased while overexpression of IFIT1 or IFIT2 decreased viral RNA, complementary RNA, and mRNA levels of NP and NS1, as well as viral polymerase activities. Taken together, our results support that both IFIT1 and -2 have anti-influenza virus activities by inhibiting viral RNA synthesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T01:54:56Z","timestamp":1687485296000},"page":"1412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Interferon-Induced Protein with Tetratricopeptide Repeats Repress Influenza Virus Infection by Inhibiting Viral RNA Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"},{"name":"Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.009","article-title":"Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation","volume":"7","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584801","article-title":"Human Influenza Virus Infections","volume":"37","author":"Peteranderl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. 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