{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:49:13Z","timestamp":1790804953602,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG HU441\/29-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG HU441\/29-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project PERCEPTRONICS, Az 9B396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project PERCEPTRONICS, Az 9B396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Volkswagenstiftung","award":["DFG HU441\/29-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG HU441\/29-1"]}]},{"name":"Volkswagenstiftung","award":["project PERCEPTRONICS, Az 9B396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project PERCEPTRONICS, Az 9B396"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate self-rated olfactory dysfunction in relation to measured olfactory function after partial or complete subjective recovery in individuals with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. A total of 186 individuals (aged 5\u201362 years) with a history of COVID-19 infection were included. Visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings for olfactory function (before, during, and after infection) and age-appropriate psychophysical olfactory test scores (odor threshold and odor identification: \u201cSniffin\u2019 Sticks\u201d for adults and both \u201cSniffin\u2019 Sticks\u201d and \u201cU-Sniff\u201d for children) were determined. Participants were assigned to four \u201cage groups\u201d and three \u201crecovery classes\u201d (incomplete recovery, complete recovery, no smell loss). Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in odor threshold and adult identification scores between the \u201crecovery classes\u201d. However, children with \u201cincomplete recovery\u201d had lower identification scores than those with \u201ccomplete recovery\u201d (p = 0.033) and those with \u201cno smell loss\u201d (p = 0.022). The pediatric age groups had significantly higher VAS ratings during and after COVID-19 compared to older participants. Older individuals experienced greater magnitude of changes in their sense of smell after COVID-19 infection, but those with parosmia were 3.5 times more likely to report \u201cincomplete recovery\" of olfaction after COVID-19. The general prognosis for olfactory recovery after COVID-19 is good but appears to be particularly confounded by the presence of parosmia, leading patients to subjectively report incomplete olfactory recovery. Although it is of high significance to monitor recovery using validated psychophysical olfactory tests, subjective measures of olfaction help provide specific insight, especially for qualitative olfactory dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T02:05:02Z","timestamp":1687745102000},"page":"1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Subjective Perception of Recovery and Measured Olfactory Function in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Emilia","family":"Cancellieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6711-7359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Kristina","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Muntinlupa 1780, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Degkwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Kahre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Blankenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa S.","family":"Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Czyborra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Medicine, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Boscolo-Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582932","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.582932","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Comprehensive Review of Clinical Presentation","volume":"8","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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