{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:17:34Z","timestamp":1760149054416,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH NCI","award":["R01CA228760","R01CA174861","R01CA196215","KL2TR002492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA228760","R01CA174861","R01CA196215","KL2TR002492"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01CA228760","R01CA174861","R01CA196215","KL2TR002492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA228760","R01CA174861","R01CA196215","KL2TR002492"]}]},{"name":"Randy Shaver Community Cancer Fund Research Grant","award":["R01CA228760","R01CA174861","R01CA196215","KL2TR002492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA228760","R01CA174861","R01CA196215","KL2TR002492"]}]},{"name":"University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center","award":["R01CA228760","R01CA174861","R01CA196215","KL2TR002492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA228760","R01CA174861","R01CA196215","KL2TR002492"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There have been numerous advances in gene therapy and oncolytic virotherapy in recent years, especially with respect to cutting-edge animal models to test these novel therapeutics. With all of these advances, it is important to understand the biosafety risks of testing these vectors in animals. We performed adenovirus-based viral shedding studies in murine models to ascertain when it is appropriate to downgrade the animals from Biosafety Level (BSL) 2 to BSL 1 for experimental handling and transport. We utilized intravenous injections of a replication-competent adenovirus and analyzed viral shedding via the collection of buccal and dermal swabs from each animal, in addition to obtaining urine and stool samples. The adenovirus hexon copy number was determined by qPCR, and plaque formation was analyzed to assess the biologic activity of viral particles. Our results demonstrate that after 72 h following viral inoculation, there is no significant quantity of biologically active virus shedding from the animals. This observation suggests that on day 4 following adenovirus injection, mice can be safely downgraded to BSL 1 for the remainder of the experiment with no concern for hazardous exposure to laboratory personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:34:08Z","timestamp":1688344448000},"page":"1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Viral Shedding in Mice following Intravenous Adenovirus Injection: Impact on Biosafety Classification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9808-1405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"LaRocca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1041-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kari L.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6205-9890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuho","family":"Inoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9816-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanislav O.","family":"Zakharkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WebMD, New York, NY 10014, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Davydova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-018-0214-5","article-title":"Oncolytic viruses and checkpoint inhibitors: Combination therapy in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"LaRocca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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