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however, information relating to infection risks in spaces other than households is poor, and the relative risk that these spaces represent has not yet been fully understood. We used data-driven simulations to investigate the importance of household and non-household environments for dengue entomological risk in two Kenyan cities where dengue circulation has been reported. Fieldwork was performed using four strategies that targeted different stages of mosquitoes: ovitraps, larval collections, Prokopack aspiration, and BG-sentinel traps. Data were analyzed separately between household and non-household environments to assess mosquito presence, the number of vectors collected, and the risk factors for vector presence. With these data, we simulated vector and human populations to estimate the parameter m and mosquito-to-human density in both household and non-household environments. Among the analyzed variables, the main difference was found in mosquito abundance, which was consistently higher in non-household environments in Kisumu but was similar in Ukunda. Risk factor analysis suggests that small, clean water-related containers serve as mosquito breeding places in households as opposed to the trash- and rainfall-related containers found in non-household structures. We found that the density of vectors (m) was higher in non-household than household environments in Kisumu and was also similar or slightly lower between both environments in Ukunda. These results suggest that because vectors are abundant, there is a potential risk of transmission in non-household environments; hence, vector control activities should take these spaces into account.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T08:35:47Z","timestamp":1689323747000},"page":"1550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Importance of Including Non-Household Environments in Dengue Vector Control Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor Hugo","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis M.","family":"Mutuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa 80110, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryson A.","family":"Ndenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel Omari","family":"Mbakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samwuel Otieno","family":"Ndire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7385-8719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gladys Adhiambo","family":"Agola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu 40100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Mutuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne Disease Control Unit, Msambweni County Referral Hospital, Msambweni, Kwale County 80404, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said L.","family":"Malumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne Disease Control Unit, Msambweni County Referral Hospital, Msambweni, Kwale County 80404, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Ng\u2019ang\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne Disease Control Unit, Msambweni County Referral Hospital, Msambweni, Kwale County 80404, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason R.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4402-5547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin A.","family":"Mordecai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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