{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:39:29Z","timestamp":1791218369331,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of UKE","award":["01EO2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EO2106"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publication Fund of UKE","award":["FKZ 01KX2121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01KX2121"]}]},{"name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and DFG","award":["01EO2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EO2106"]}]},{"name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and DFG","award":["FKZ 01KX2121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01KX2121"]}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation Individual grants from the German Centre for Infection Research","award":["01EO2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EO2106"]}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation Individual grants from the German Centre for Infection Research","award":["FKZ 01KX2121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01KX2121"]}]},{"name":"iSTAR program","award":["01EO2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EO2106"]}]},{"name":"iSTAR program","award":["FKZ 01KX2121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01KX2121"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01EO2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EO2106"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["FKZ 01KX2121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01KX2121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The situation of limited data concerning the response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations in immunocom-promised children hinders evidence-based recommendations. This prospective observational study investigated humoral and T cell responses after primary BNT162b2 vaccination in secondary immunocompromised and healthy children aged 5\u201311 years. Participants were categorized as: children after kidney transplantation (KTx, n = 9), proteinuric glomerulonephritis (GN, n = 4) and healthy children (controls, n = 8). Expression of activation-induced markers and cytokine secretion were determined to quantify the T cell response from PBMCs stimulated with peptide pools covering the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan Hu-1 and Omicron BA.5. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain were quantified in serum. Seroconversion was detected in 56% of KTx patients and in 100% of the GN patients and controls. Titer levels were significantly higher in GN patients and controls than in KTx patients. In Ktx patients, the humoral response increased after a third immunization. No differences in the frequency of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells between all groups were observed. T cells showed a predominant anti-viral capacity in their secreted cytokines; however, this capacity was reduced in KTx patients. This study provides missing evidence concerning the humoral and T cell response in immunocompromised children after COVID-19 vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T09:03:53Z","timestamp":1689325433000},"page":"1553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reduced Humoral and Cellular Immune Response to Primary COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Kidney Transplanted Children Aged 5\u201311 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jasmin K.","family":"Lalia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Schild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"L\u00fctgehetmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-L\u00fcbeck-Borstel-Riems, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Brauschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0371-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabor A.","family":"Dunay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilmann","family":"Kallinich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6067-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Kobbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Stra\u00dfe 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4549-5059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Massoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutic Gene Regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1846-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonora","family":"Pietzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstra\u00dfe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Schulze-Sturm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Schuetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstra\u00dfe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8907-1582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freya","family":"Sibbertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Speth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Thieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstra\u00dfe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Witkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Charit\u00e9 University Medicine Berlin, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Charit\u00e9platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6216-9173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinhard","family":"Berner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstra\u00dfe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2900-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ania C.","family":"Muntau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7482-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f8ren W.","family":"Gersting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9693-4419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Toepfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstra\u00dfe 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Pagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-L\u00fcbeck-Borstel-Riems, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Brauschweig, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation, Immunology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0998-4881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Children\u2019s Research, UCR@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116298","article-title":"Evaluation of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in Children 5 to 11 Years of 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