{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:45:09Z","timestamp":1793295909911,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":278,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]],"date-time":"2023-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Fund at the University of Plovdiv","award":["MUPD23-BF-002;"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MUPD23-BF-002;"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund at the University of Plovdiv","award":["739582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["739582"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund at the University of Plovdiv","award":["664620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["664620"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund at the University of Plovdiv","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.003-001-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.003-001-C01"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["MUPD23-BF-002;"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MUPD23-BF-002;"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["739582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["739582"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["664620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["664620"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.003-001-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.003-001-C01"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["MUPD23-BF-002;"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MUPD23-BF-002;"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["739582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["739582"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["664620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["664620"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.003-001-C01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.003-001-C01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis. Transmission of HEV mainly occurs via the fecal-oral route (ingesting contaminated water or food) or by contact with infected animals and their raw meat products. Some animals, such as pigs, wild boars, sheep, goats, rabbits, camels, rats, etc., are natural reservoirs of HEV, which places people in close contact with them at increased risk of HEV disease. Although hepatitis E is a self-limiting infection, it could also lead to severe illness, particularly among pregnant women, or chronic infection in immunocompromised people. A growing number of studies point out that HEV can be classified as a re-emerging virus in developed countries. Preventative efforts are needed to reduce the incidence of acute and chronic hepatitis E in non-endemic and endemic countries. There is a recombinant HEV vaccine, but it is approved for use and commercially available only in China and Pakistan. However, further studies are needed to demonstrate the necessity of applying a preventive vaccine and to create conditions for reducing the spread of HEV. This review emphasizes the hepatitis E virus and its importance for public health in Europe, the methods of virus transmission and treatment, and summarizes the latest studies on HEV vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:41:05Z","timestamp":1689554465000},"page":"1558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["The Re-Emergence of Hepatitis E Virus in Europe and Vaccine Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-9924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gergana","family":"Zahmanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Technology Transfer and IP Management, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Takova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Tonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsvetoslav","family":"Koynarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura L.","family":"Lukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Brigham Young University\u2014Hawaii, Laie, HI 96762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9331-353X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Minkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology Transfer and IP Management, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnologies, 4108 Markovo, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6792-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pishmisheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Pazardzhik Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, 4400 Pazardzhik, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav","family":"Kotsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Pazardzhik Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment, 4400 Pazardzhik, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3207-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilia","family":"Tsachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2631-0563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Baymakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton P.","family":"Andonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, March 14). 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