{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:10:25Z","timestamp":1777540225406,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIAID-funded Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis","award":["HHSN272201400008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400008C"]}]},{"name":"NIAID-funded Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}]},{"name":"NIAID-funded Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis","award":["JP23wm0125002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125002"]}]},{"name":"NIAID-funded Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis","award":["JP23fk0108626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108626"]}]},{"name":"NIAID-funded Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis","award":["JP223fa627001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627001"]}]},{"name":"Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission","award":["HHSN272201400008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400008C"]}]},{"name":"Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}]},{"name":"Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission","award":["JP23wm0125002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125002"]}]},{"name":"Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission","award":["JP23fk0108626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108626"]}]},{"name":"Center for Research on Influenza Pathogenesis and Transmission","award":["JP223fa627001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627001"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["HHSN272201400008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400008C"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["JP23wm0125002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125002"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["JP23fk0108626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108626"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["JP223fa627001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627001"]}]},{"name":"Research Program on Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases","award":["HHSN272201400008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400008C"]}]},{"name":"Research Program on Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}]},{"name":"Research Program on Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases","award":["JP23wm0125002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125002"]}]},{"name":"Research Program on Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases","award":["JP23fk0108626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108626"]}]},{"name":"Research Program on Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases","award":["JP223fa627001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627001"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["HHSN272201400008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400008C"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["JP23wm0125002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23wm0125002"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["JP23fk0108626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108626"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["JP223fa627001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP223fa627001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We isolated 77 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses during routine surveillance in live poultry markets in northern provinces of Vietnam from 2018 to 2021. These viruses are of the H5N6 subtype and belong to HA clades 2.3.4.4g and 2.3.4.4h. Interestingly, we did not detect viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b, which in recent years have dominated in different parts of the world. The viruses isolated in this current study do not encode major determinants of mammalian adaptation (e.g., PB2-E627K or PB1-D701N) but possess amino acid substitutions that may affect viral receptor-binding, replication, or the responses to human antiviral factors. Several of the highly pathogenic H5N6 virus samples contained other influenza viruses, providing an opportunity for reassortment. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the highly pathogenic H5 viruses circulating in Vietnam in 2018\u20132021 were different from those in other parts of the world, and that the Vietnamese H5 viruses continue to evolve through mutations and reassortment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:57:30Z","timestamp":1690160250000},"page":"1596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Continued Circulation of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses in Vietnamese Live Bird Markets in 2018\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lizheng","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lavanya","family":"Babujee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria L.","family":"Browning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2509-6219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Presler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0001-8203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Pattinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang Le Khanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vu Mai Phuong","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai Quynh","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harm","family":"van Bakel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Services, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kawaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA"},{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan"},{"name":"The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research (UTOPIA) Center, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01708","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01708-16","article-title":"Shifting Clade Distribution, Reassortment, and Emergence of New Subtypes of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5) Viruses Collected from Vietnamese Poultry from 2012 to 2015","volume":"91","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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