{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:59:35Z","timestamp":1791583175590,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]],"date-time":"2023-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"general fund resources of Linda Saif","award":["U54CA260582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA260582"]}]},{"name":"The Ohio State University Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University Center of Microbiome Science","award":["U54CA260582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA260582"]}]},{"name":"state and federal funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center","award":["U54CA260582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA260582"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Cancer Institute of the NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54CA260582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA260582"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"a fund provided by an anonymous private donor to OSU","award":["U54CA260582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA260582"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronaviruses are known to cross species barriers, and spill over among animals, from animals to humans, and vice versa. SARS-CoV-2 emerged in humans in late 2019. It is now known to infect numerous animal species, including companion animals and captive wildlife species. Experimental infections in other animals have established that many species are susceptible to infection, with new ones still being identified. We have developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins, that is both sensitive and specific. It can detect S antibodies in sera at dilutions greater than 1:10,000, and does not cross-react with antibodies to the other coronaviruses tested. We used the S antibody ELISA to test serum samples collected from 472 deer from ten sites in northeastern Ohio between November 2020 and March 2021, when the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was first peaking in humans in Ohio, USA. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were found in serum samples from every site, with an overall positivity rate of 17.2%; we further compared the viral neutralizing antibody titers to our ELISA results. These findings demonstrate the need to establish surveillance programs to monitor deer and other susceptible wildlife species globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:57:30Z","timestamp":1690160250000},"page":"1603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Serological Investigation of White-Tailed Deer in Northeastern Ohio"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9356-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Boley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia N.","family":"Faraone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingde","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stormy","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife, Columbus, OH 43299, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8531-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8238-417X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1620-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan-Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3224-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda J.","family":"Saif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7449-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott P.","family":"Kenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Animal Health, The Ohio State University College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Wooster, OH 44691, USA"},{"name":"Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Medicine, J.H.U. 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