{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:44:06Z","timestamp":1791837846357,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"US National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI117128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI117128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Saint Louis University","award":["AI117128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI117128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anellovirus (AV) is a ubiquitous virus in the human population. Individuals can be infected with multiple AV genera and species to form a heterogeneous repertoire, termed the anellome. Using advanced methods, we examined the anellomes from 12 paired serum and liver samples, as well as 2701 subjects with different clinical diagnoses. Overall, anellomes are remarkably individualized, with significant among-group differences (Kruskal\u2013Wallis test p = 6.6 \u00d7 10\u2212162 for richness and p = 7.48 \u00d7 10\u2212162 for Shannon entropy). High dissimilarity scores (beta diversity) were observed between patient groups, except for paired serum and liver samples. At the population level, the relative abundance of combinational AV genus Betatorquevirus (torque teno mini viruses, TTMV), and Gammatorquevirus (torque teno midi viruses, TTMDV) exhibited an exponential distribution with a low bound point at 32%. Defined by this value, the AV TTMV\/TTMDV-expanded anellome was significantly enriched among patients with acute liver failure (31.7%) and liver transplantation (40.7%), compared with other patient groups (\u03c72 test: p = 4.1 \u00d7 10\u22128\u20133.2 \u00d7 10\u22123). Therefore, anellome heterogeneity may be predictive of clinical outcomes in certain diseases, such as liver disease. The consistency of anellome between paired serum and liver samples indicates that a liquid biopsy approach would be suitable for longitudinal studies to clarify the causality of the AV TTMV\/TTMDV-expanded anellome in the outcomes of liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T01:56:16Z","timestamp":1690509376000},"page":"1635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Expansion of Betatorquevirus and\/or Gammatorquevirus in Patients with Severe Clinical Outcomes of the Liver Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaoan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3499-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William D.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1154-0021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijn","family":"Thijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long Ping Victor","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4620-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud Reza","family":"Pourkarim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Aurora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3201-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"},{"name":"Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2363-9","article-title":"Human anelloviruses: An update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects","volume":"160","author":"Spandole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. 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