{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:20:32Z","timestamp":1777706432311,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Historically, clinicians have considered hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which comprise NP, to be essentially bacterial processes. As such, patients suspected of having either HAP or VAP are initially treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, and few clinicians search for a possible culprit virus. Recent reports which build on earlier studies, however, indicate that viruses likely play an important role in NP. Studies employing viral diagnostics as part of the evaluation for NP indicate that common respiratory viruses can spread nosocomially and lead to HAP and VAP. Similarly, studies of the general epidemiology of respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and rhinovirus, confirm that these pathogens are important causes of NP, especially among immunosuppressed and pediatric patients. More importantly, these more contemporary analyses reveal that one cannot, based on clinical characteristics, distinguish a viral from a bacterial cause of NP. Additionally, viral HAP and VAP result in crude mortality rates that rival or exceed those reported in bacterial NP. Rigorous prospective, multicenter trials are needed to confirm the significance of respiratory viruses in NP, as are studies of novel therapeutics for these viral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1690881280000},"page":"1676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Respiratory Viruses in Nosocomial Pneumonia: An Evolving Paradigm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marya D.","family":"Zilberbeg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EviMed Research Group, LLC, P.O. Box 303, Goshen, MA 01032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2094-6798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4537-8328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Shorr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, July 08). 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