{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:23:31Z","timestamp":1760149411244,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"University of Padua","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOR-2021","DOR-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOR-2021","DOR-2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Switching to bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide (BIC\/FTC\/TAF) from other antiretroviral regimens is safe and effective for virologically suppressed people living with HIV (PLWH). The term virological suppression includes both low but detectable HIV viremia and undetectable HIV viremia, and the latter is possibly associated with a lower immune activation state. Herein, we describe a 24-month follow-up of experienced PLWH with plasma HIV RNA undetectable or detectable &lt; 50 copies\/ml switching to BIC\/FTC\/TAF. A previous 12-month monitoring was available, and the factors correlated with treatment efficacy. This retrospective multicenter study included PLWH who switched to BIC\/FTC\/TAF in the period of 2019\u20132022, and who were HBsAg and HCV RNA negative. The follow-up study times were 6 (T6), 12 (T12), 18 (T18), and 24 (T24) months after the switch (T0). Survival analysis with multiple-failure-per-subject design, Kaplan\u2013Meier survival estimates, multivariate analysis of variance, multilevel linear regression, and a hierarchical ordered logistic model were applied. A total of 329 PLWH had plasma HIV RNA which was either undetectable or detectable at &lt;50 copies\/mL at T0, and 197 responded to all inclusion criteria: M\/F 140\/57; the median CD4+ cell count was 677 cells\/mm3; and HIV RNA at T0 was undetectable in 108 patients. Most of the 197 patients (122, 61.9%) were on a previous INSTI-based regimen. HIV RNA undetectability was more frequent at each follow-up point in patients with HIV RNA that was undetectable at T0, and it showed a higher frequency throughout the follow-up period in patients with always-undetectable HIV RNA in the 12 months before the switch. A higher nadir CD4 cell count had a predictive role, and HBcAb positivity had no influence. In conclusion, the switch could be programmed and possibly delayed on a case-by-case basis in order to achieve persistent plasma HIV RNA undetectability. Undiagnosed loss of HBcAb has no detrimental consequences on the response to BIC\/FTC\/TAF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:20:14Z","timestamp":1692008414000},"page":"1727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Predicting Factors of Plasma HIV RNA Undetectability after Switching to Co-Formulated Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Experienced HIV-1 Patients: A Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Basso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Battagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Vicenza Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Nicol\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Vicenza Hospital, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Treviso Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Pirola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Baratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Venezia Hospital, 30122 Venezia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Storato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Venezia Hospital, 30122 Venezia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Giovagnorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Malagnino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Alessio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Vinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School in Nursing Science and Public Health, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5884-161X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Maurici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1452-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Sarmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saverio Giuseppe","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli, 63, 35100 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61809-7","article-title":"The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease","volume":"382","author":"Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32835ba6b1","article-title":"Life expectancy living with HIV: Recent estimates and future implications","volume":"26","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0219","article-title":"Short Communication: Comparing Lamivudine+Dolutegravir and Bictegravir\/Emtricitabine\/Tenofovir Alafenamide as Switch Strategies: Preliminary Results from Clinical Practice","volume":"37","author":"Baldin","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e357","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30092-4","article-title":"Switching to fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide from dolutegravir plus abacavir and lamivudine in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1: 48 week results of a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"5","author":"Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e485","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa988","article-title":"Switching to Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Virologically Suppressed Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"73","author":"Sax","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1560423","article-title":"Bictegravir in a fixed-dose tablet with emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide for the treatment of HIV infection: Pharmacology and clinical implications","volume":"20","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4877","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S331647","article-title":"Outcomes After Switching to BIC\/FTC\/TAF in Patients with Virological Failure to Protease Inhibitors or Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: A Real-World Cohort Study","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27330","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027330","article-title":"Real-world efficacy and safety of switching to bictegravir\/emtricitabine\/tenofovir alafenamide in older people living with HIV","volume":"100","author":"Rolle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2022.06.027","article-title":"Bictegravir\/emtricitabine\/tenofovir alafenamide ensures high rates of virological suppression maintenance despite previous resistance in PLWH who optimize treatment in clinical practice","volume":"30","author":"Armenia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2023.01.015","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes among virally suppressed people living with HIV after switching to Co-formulated bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa285","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa285","article-title":"Short-term Adverse Events With BIC\/FTC\/TAF: Postmarketing Study","volume":"7","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2023, May 16). European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines Version 11.1, October 2022. Available online: https:\/\/www.eacsociety.org\/guidelines\/eacs-guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.22246","article-title":"Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2022 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel","volume":"329","author":"Gandhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00076-14","article-title":"Significance and clinical management of persistent low-level viremia and very-low-level viremia in HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"58","author":"Ryscavage","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X13666150407142539","article-title":"HIV Replication at Low Copy Number and its Correlation with the HIV Reservoir: A Clinical Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Sarmati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malagnino, V., Teti, E., Compagno, M., Coppola, L., Salpini, R., Svicher, V., Basso, M., Battagin, G., Panese, S., and Rossi, M.C. (2021). HBcAb Positivity Is a Risk Factor for an Increased Detectability of HIV RNA after Switching to a Two-Drug Regimen Lamivudine-Based (2DR-3TC-Based) Treatment: Analysis of a Multicenter Italian Cohort. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020396"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288.e5-7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.10.009","article-title":"Strong and persistent correlation between baseline and follow-up HIV-DNA levels and residual viremia in a population of na\u00efve patients with more than 4 years of effective antiretroviral therapy","volume":"21","author":"Parisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parisi, S.G., Andreis, S., Mengoli, C., Scaggiante, R., Cruciani, M., Ferretto, R., Manfrin, V., Panese, S., Basso, M., and Boldrin, C. (2013). A stable CC-chemokine receptor (CCR)-5 tropic virus is correlated with the persistence of HIV RNA at less than 2.5 copies in successfully treated na\u00efve subjects. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-314"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2023, May 16). European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines Version 9.1, October 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.eacsociety.org\/guidelines\/eacs-guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2023, May 16). European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines Version 10.0, November 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.eacsociety.org\/guidelines\/eacs-guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2023, May 16). European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines Version 10.1, October 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.eacsociety.org\/guidelines\/eacs-guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023, May 16). European AIDS Clinical Society Guidelines Version 11, October 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.eacsociety.org\/guidelines\/eacs-guidelines\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parisi, S.G., Basso, M., Scaggiante, R., Andreis, S., Mengoli, C., Cruciani, M., Del Vecchio, C., Menegotto, N., Zago, D., and Sarmati, L. (2019). Oral and anal high-risk human papilloma virus infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men over a 24-month longitudinal study: Complexity and vaccine implications. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7004-x"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-018-0538-1","article-title":"Soluble CD163 and soluble CD14 plasma levels but not cellular HIV-DNA decrease during successful interferon-free anti-HCV therapy in HIV-1-HCV co-infected patients on effective combined anti-HIV treatment","volume":"207","author":"Parisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003311","article-title":"Impact of preexisting nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance on the effectiveness of bictegravir\/emtricitabine\/tenofovir alafenamide in treatment experience patients","volume":"36","author":"Busca","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2013.05.008","article-title":"Decreasing trends of drug resistance and increase of non-B subtypes amongst subjects recently diagnosed as HIV-infected over the period 2004-2012 in the Veneto Region, Italy","volume":"1","author":"Parisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13596535221112729","DOI":"10.1177\/13596535221112729","article-title":"For CoRIS. Progress in the quality of care for newly diagnosed people with HIV in Spain (2004\u20132019)","volume":"27","author":"Alejos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.05.011","article-title":"Drug resistance in B and non-B subtypes amongst subjects recently diagnosed as primary\/recent or chronic HIV-infected over the period 2013-2016: Impact on susceptibility to first-line strategies including integrase strand-transfer inhibitors","volume":"10","author":"Andreis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e838","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00266-1","article-title":"Free HIV self-test for identification and linkage to care of previously undetected HIV infection in men who have sex with men in England and Wales (SELPHI): An open-label, internet-based, randomised controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Rodger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.M17000003","article-title":"Impact Study Group. Novelties in Evaluation and Monitoring of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection: Is Standard Virological Suppression Enough for Measuring Antiretroviral Treatment Success?","volume":"19","author":"Svicher","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falasca, F., Di Carlo, D., De Vito, C., Bon, I., d\u2019Ettorre, G., Fantauzzi, A., Mezzaroma, I., Fimiani, C., Re, M.C., and Vullo, V. (2017). Evaluation of HIV-DNA and inflammatory markers in HIV-infected individuals with different viral load patterns. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2676-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2014.0060","article-title":"Rate and determinants of residual viremia in multidrug-experienced patients successfully treated with raltegravir-based regimens","volume":"31","author":"Baroncelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks331","article-title":"Nevirapine use, prolonged antiretroviral therapy and high CD4 nadir values are strongly correlated with undetectable HIV-DNA and -RNA levels and CD4 cell gain","volume":"67","author":"Sarmati","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06022-11","article-title":"Baseline cellular HIV DNA load predicts HIV DNA decline and residual HIV plasma levels during effective antiretroviral therapy","volume":"50","author":"Parisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23259582221140208","DOI":"10.1177\/23259582221140208","article-title":"Real World Data on Forgiveness to Uncomplete Adherence to Bictegravir\/ Emtricitabine\/Tenofovir Alafenamide","volume":"21","author":"Maggiolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Provid. AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00895-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00895-20","article-title":"Characteristics of Dolutegravir and Bictegravir Plasma Protein Binding: A First Approach for the Study of Pharmacologic Sanctuaries","volume":"64","author":"Gouget","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vassallo, M., Durant, J., Fabre, R., Lotte, L., Sindt, A., Puchois, A., De Monte, A., Cezar, R., Corbeau, P., and Pradier, C. (2022). Inflammatory Markers after Switching to a Dual Drug Regimen in HIV-Infected Subjects: A Two-Year Follow-Up. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050927"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663843","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.663843","article-title":"Residual Viremia Is Linked to a Specific Immune Activation Profile in HIV-1-Infected Adults Under Efficient Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Younas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis630","article-title":"Cell-based measures of viral persistence are associated with immune activation and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-expressing CD4+ T cells","volume":"208","author":"Hatano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malagnino, V., Salpini, R., Teti, E., Compagno, M., Ferrari, L., Mulas, T., Svicher, V., Zordan, M., Basso, M., and Battagin, G. (2023). Role of HBcAb Positivity in Increase of HIV-RNA Detectability after Switching to a Two-Drug Regimen Lamivudine-Based (2DR-3TC-Based) Treatment: Months 48 Results of a Multicenter Italian Cohort. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010193"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.034","article-title":"Update of the statements on biology and clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"71","author":"Raimondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106682","article-title":"Virological response to tenofovir-alafenamide-containing antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV co-infected with lamivudine-resistant or lamivudine-susceptible hepatitis B virus","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104391","article-title":"HIV DNA persists in hepatocytes in people with HIV-hepatitis B co-infection on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"87","author":"Zerbato","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtkamp, C., Fiedler, M., Dittmer, U., and Anastasiou, O.E. (2022). The Course of Anti-HBc Antibodies over Time in Immunocompromised Hosts. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020137"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jve.2023.100320","article-title":"Influencing factors and adverse outcomes of virologic rebound states in anti-retroviral-treated individuals with HIV infection","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virus Erad."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardi, F., Bruzzesi, E., Bouba, Y.R., Di Carlo, D., Costabile, V., Ranzenigo, M., Maggiolo, F., Castagna, A., Callegaro, A.P., and Zoncada, A. (AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 2023). Factors Associated with Low-Level Viremia in People Living with HIV in the Italian Antiviral Response Cohort Analysis Cohort: A Case-Control Study, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2023.0015"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2021-8-13","article-title":"HIV: How to manage low-level viraemia in people living with HIV","volume":"11","author":"Hanners","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs Context"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac762","article-title":"Virologic Failure Following Low-level Viremia and Viral Blips During Antiretroviral Therapy: Results from a European Multicenter Cohort","volume":"76","author":"Elvstam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002306","article-title":"Low-level viremia and virologic failure in persons with HIV infection treated with antiretroviral therapy","volume":"33","author":"Fleming","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13251","article-title":"Factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus-1 low-level viremia and its impact on virological and immunological outcomes: A retrospective cohort study in Beijing, China","volume":"23","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Ding, H., An, M., Wang, X., Tian, W., Zhao, B., and Han, X. (2020). Factors associated with high-risk low-level viremia leading to virologic failure: 16-year retrospective study of a Chinese antiretroviral therapy cohort. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4837-y"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106631","article-title":"Low-level viraemia and virologic failure among people living with HIV who received maintenance therapy with co-formulated bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir-based regimens","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002898","article-title":"Lower Incidence of HIV-1 Blips Observed During Integrase Inhibitor-Based Combination Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"89","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/8\/1727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:32:26Z","timestamp":1760128346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/8\/1727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["v15081727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15081727","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]}}}