{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T23:46:33Z","timestamp":1793490393150,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R56 MH115853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 MH115853"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01 MH110259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH110259"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["U24MH100931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100931"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["U24MH100930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100930"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["U24MH100929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100929"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["U24MH100928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100928"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["U24MH100925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100925"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["HHSN271201000036C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201000036C"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["HHSN271201000030C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201000030C"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","award":["R56 MH115853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 MH115853"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","award":["R01 MH110259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH110259"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","award":["U24MH100931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100931"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","award":["U24MH100930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100930"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","award":["U24MH100929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100929"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","award":["U24MH100928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100928"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","award":["U24MH100925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100925"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","award":["HHSN271201000036C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201000036C"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)","award":["HHSN271201000030C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201000030C"]}]},{"name":"NIMH\/NINDS","award":["R56 MH115853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 MH115853"]}]},{"name":"NIMH\/NINDS","award":["R01 MH110259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH110259"]}]},{"name":"NIMH\/NINDS","award":["U24MH100931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100931"]}]},{"name":"NIMH\/NINDS","award":["U24MH100930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100930"]}]},{"name":"NIMH\/NINDS","award":["U24MH100929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100929"]}]},{"name":"NIMH\/NINDS","award":["U24MH100928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100928"]}]},{"name":"NIMH\/NINDS","award":["U24MH100925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100925"]}]},{"name":"NIMH\/NINDS","award":["HHSN271201000036C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201000036C"]}]},{"name":"NIMH\/NINDS","award":["HHSN271201000030C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201000030C"]}]},{"name":"U.S. government","award":["R56 MH115853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56 MH115853"]}]},{"name":"U.S. government","award":["R01 MH110259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH110259"]}]},{"name":"U.S. government","award":["U24MH100931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100931"]}]},{"name":"U.S. government","award":["U24MH100930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100930"]}]},{"name":"U.S. government","award":["U24MH100929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100929"]}]},{"name":"U.S. government","award":["U24MH100928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100928"]}]},{"name":"U.S. government","award":["U24MH100925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH100925"]}]},{"name":"U.S. government","award":["HHSN271201000036C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201000036C"]}]},{"name":"U.S. government","award":["HHSN271201000030C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN271201000030C"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>HIV establishes a viral reservoir in the CNS despite viral suppression in the blood on antiretroviral therapy (ART). In a minority of people with HIV (PWH), HIV RNA is detectable in CSF when HIV RNA in plasma is undetectable or HIV RNA levels are higher in CSF compared with plasma, an event termed CSF viral escape that can occur with or without neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic CSF viral escape occurs in 3\u201320% of PWH on ART, yet associated biomarkers are unclear. To identify biomarkers associated with asymptomatic CSF viral escape, we performed a matched group study of PWH on ART with vs. without CSF viral escape (n = 10 and n = 60, respectively, matched for age, duration of HIV infection, nadir CD4 count, and ART regimen) and 50 HIV-negative controls. PWH were on 3 or more ART drugs for &gt;1 year, and the group with no CSF viral escape was suppressed below 50 copies\/mL in plasma and CSF. Biomarkers of inflammation (IFN-\u03b3, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, IP-10, MCP-1, VEGF), cell adhesion (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), CNS injury (NFL), and glial activation (GFAP, YKL-40) were measured in paired plasma and CSF using the Meso Scale Discovery platform. PWH with vs. without CSF viral escape had more individuals (40%) with a plasma viral load (VL) &gt; 50 copies\/mL, higher CSF VL (median 156 vs. 40 copies\/mL; p &lt; 0.0001), lower CD4 count (318 vs. 512; p = 0.045), and higher CSF WBC (median [IQR] 4 [0\u201322] vs. 2 [0\u20134] cells\/\u00b5L; p = 0.15) but similar proportions with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) (50% vs. 47%). CSF viral escape was associated with increased IL-1\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3, IP-10, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in CSF but not plasma; IP-10 had the strongest association (p = 0.0008). CSF VL and WBC correlated with IFN-\u03b3, IP-10, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 (p &lt; 0.05). Although markers of CNS injury showed no significant association with asymptomatic CSF viral escape, CSF YKL-40 correlated positively with CSF IL-1\u03b2 (p = 0.003), IFN-\u03b3 (p = 0.0008), IP-10 (p &lt; 0.0001), and NFL (p = 0.06) and negatively with neurocognitive T scores (p = 0.02). These findings identify CSF inflammation and glial activation markers that may serve as surrogate measures of HIV persistence in the CNS for future studies on therapeutics targeting the CNS reservoir.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:35:05Z","timestamp":1693298105000},"page":"1829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["CSF Inflammation Markers Associated with Asymptomatic Viral Escape in Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV-Positive Individuals on Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Debjani","family":"Guha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Gabuzda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002251","article-title":"The impact of HIV central nervous system persistence on pathogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Brew","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002326","article-title":"Potential for early antiretroviral therapy to reduce central nervous system HIV-1 persistence","volume":"33","author":"Spudich","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac370","article-title":"Biotypes of Central Nervous System Complications in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Virology, Immunology, and Neuropathology","volume":"227","author":"Joseph","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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