{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T22:12:00Z","timestamp":1791756720240,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ruhr-University Bochum"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the end of the pandemic, COVID-19 has entered an endemic phase with expected seasonal spikes. Consequently, the implementation of easily accessible prognostic biomarkers for patients with COVID-19 remains an important area of research. In this monocentric study at a German tertiary care hospital, we determined the prognostic performance of different clinical and blood-based parameters in 412 COVID-19 patients. We evaluated the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV), and absolute eosinopenia (AEP, 0\/\u00b5L) of COVID-19 patients (n = 412). The Siddiqui and Mehra staging proposal, the WHO clinical progression scale, and COVID-19-associated death were used as COVID-19 outcome measures. With respect to Siddiqi and Mehra staging, patient age of older than 75 years, high C-reactive protein (CRP), absolute eosinopenia (AEP), cardiovascular comorbidities, and high ferritin were significant independent predictors for severe COVID-19. When outcome was determined according to the WHO clinical progression scale, patient age of older than 75 years, high CRP, high LDH, AEP, high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the presence of pulmonal comorbidities were significant independent predictors for severe COVID-19. Finally, COVID-19-associated death was predicted independently by patient age of older than 75 years, high LDH, high NLR, and AEP. Eosinopenia (&lt; 40\/\u00b5L) was observed in 74.5% of patients, and AEP in almost 45%. In conclusion, the present real-world data indicate that the NLR is superior to more complex systemic immune-inflammation biomarkers (e.g., SII and PIV) in COVID-19 prognostication. A decreased eosinophil count emerged as a potential hallmark of COVID-19 infection, whereas AEP turned out to be an accessible independent biomarker for COVID-19 severity and mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T10:00:23Z","timestamp":1694685623000},"page":"1920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prognostic Performance of Inflammatory Biomarkers Based on Complete Blood Counts in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7862-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilo","family":"Gambichler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Christian Hospital Unna, 59423 Unna, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Schuleit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Susok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, 44137 Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen C.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Skin Cancer Research, DKTK Partner Site Essen\/D\u00fcsseldorf, West German Cancer Center, Dermatology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-4650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina H.","family":"Scheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-University, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Torres-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Overheu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Reinacher-Schick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology with Palliative Care, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26050","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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