{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:58:01Z","timestamp":1791824281510,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhuhai science and technology projects","award":["ZH2202200017HJL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZH2202200017HJL"]}]},{"name":"Zhuhai science and technology projects","award":["81971927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971927"]}]},{"name":"Zhuhai science and technology projects","award":["JCYJ20190807155009482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190807155009482"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZH2202200017HJL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZH2202200017HJL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971927"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20190807155009482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190807155009482"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["ZH2202200017HJL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZH2202200017HJL"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["81971927"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971927"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20190807155009482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190807155009482"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring genetic diversity and recent HIV infections (RHIs) is critical for understanding HIV epidemiology. Here, we report HIV-1 genetic diversity and RHIs in blood samples from 190 HIV-positive MMSCs in Zhuhai, China. MMSCs with newly reported HIV were enrolled from January 2020 to June 2022. A nested PCR was performed to amplify the HIV polymerase gene fragments at HXB2 positions 2604\u20133606. We constructed genetic transmission network at both 0.5% and 1.5% distance thresholds using the Tamura-Nei93 model. RHIs were identified using a recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) combining limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay (LAg-EIA) assay with clinical data. The results revealed that 19.5% (37\/190) were RHIs and 48.4% (92\/190) were CRF07_BC. Two clusters were identified at a 0.5% distance threshold. Among them, one was infected with CRF07_BC for the long term, and the other was infected with CRF55_01B recently. We identified a total of 15 clusters at a 1.5% distance threshold. Among them, nine were infected with CRF07_BC subtype, and RHIs were found in 38.8% (19\/49) distributed in eight genetic clusters. We identified a large active transmission cluster (n = 10) infected with a genetic variant, CRF79_0107. The multivariable logistic regression model showed that clusters were more likely to be RHIs (adjusted OR: 3.64, 95% CI: 1.51~9.01). The RHI algorithm can help to identify recent or ongoing transmission clusters where the prevention tools are mostly needed. Prompt public health measures are needed to contain the further spread of active transmission clusters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T02:26:17Z","timestamp":1695090377000},"page":"1947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["High Genetic Diversity of HIV-1 and Active Transmission Clusters among Male-to-Male Sexual Contacts (MMSCs) in Zhuhai, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of HIV Prevention, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai 519060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingting","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongsi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuntai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5423-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HIV Prevention, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai 519060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HIV Prevention, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai 519060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixiong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HIV Prevention, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai 519060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huitao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HIV Prevention, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai 519060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China"},{"name":"Southern Medical University Institute for Global Health and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Guangzhou 510315, China"},{"name":"University of North Carolina Project-China, Guangzhou 510315, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2000-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caijun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HIV Prevention, Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai 519060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2023, August 03). 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