{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:34:21Z","timestamp":1790354061208,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Extension study of enteric pathogens and bacteriophages within the scope of One Health","award":["201917940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201917940"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Among the respiratory pathogens of birds, the Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the most relevant, as it is responsible for causing infections of the upper respiratory tract and may induce respiratory syndromes. aMPV is capable of affecting the reproductive system of birds, directly impacting shell quality and decreasing egg production. Consequently, this infection can cause disorders related to animal welfare and zootechnical losses. The first cases of respiratory syndromes caused by aMPV were described in the 1970s, and today six subtypes (A, B, C, D, and two more new subtypes) have been identified and are widespread in all chicken and turkey-producing countries in the world, causing enormous economic losses for the poultry industry. Conventionally, immunological techniques are used to demonstrate aMPV infection in poultry, however, the identification of aMPV through molecular techniques helped in establishing the traceability of the virus. This review compiles data on the main aMPV subtypes present in different countries; aMPV and bacteria co-infection; vaccination against aMPV and viral selective pressure, highlighting the strategies used to prevent and control respiratory disease; and addresses tools for viral diagnosis and virus genome studies aiming at improving and streamlining pathogen detection and corroborating the development of new vaccines that can effectively protect herds, preventing viral escapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15091960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T21:47:03Z","timestamp":1695246423000},"page":"1960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Trends and Challenges in the Surveillance and Control of Avian Metapneumovirus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gleidson Biasi Carvalho","family":"Salles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, S\u00e3o Paulo 04709-111, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9689-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia Von T\u00f6nnemann","family":"Pilati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Correa","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, S\u00e3o Paulo 04709-111, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Junior","family":"de Lima Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, S\u00e3o Paulo 04709-111, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josias Rodrigo","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, S\u00e3o Paulo 04709-111, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0248-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariane","family":"Dahmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz Pereira","family":"Savi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayane Azevedo","family":"Padilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gislaine","family":"Fongaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florian\u00f3polis 88040-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2022.2085545","article-title":"Omics technologies in poultry health and productivity\u2014Part 2: Future applications in the poultry industry","volume":"51","author":"Goossens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2022.2086447","article-title":"Omics technologies in poultry health and productivity\u2014Part 1: Current use in poultry research","volume":"51","author":"Dehau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2022.2051429","article-title":"First detection of avian metapneumovirus subtype C Eurasian lineage in a Eurasian wigeon (Mareca penelope) wintering in Northeastern 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