{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:52:28Z","timestamp":1790214748072,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombian Agricultural Institute, and Asociaci\u00f3n Porkcolombia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swine influenza is a respiratory disease that affects the pork industry and is a public health threat. It is caused by type A influenza virus (FLUAV), which continuously undergoes genetic and antigenic variations. A large amount of information regarding FLUAV in pigs is available worldwide, but it is limited in Latin America. The HA sequences of H1 subtype FLUAV-positive samples obtained from pigs in Colombia between 2008\u20132021 were analyzed using sequence-based antigenic cartography and N-Glycosylation analyses. Of the 12 predicted global antigenic groups, Colombia contained five: four corresponding to pandemic strains and one to the classical swine H1N1 clade. Circulation of these clusters was observed in some regions during specific years. Ca2 was the immunodominant epitope among Colombian viruses. The counts of N-Glycosylation motifs were associated with the antigenic cluster ranging from three to five. The results show for the first time the existence of antigenic diversity of FLUAV in Colombia and highlight the impact of spatial and temporal factors on this diversity. This study provides information about FLUAV variability in pigs under natural conditions in the absence of vaccination and emphasizes the need for surveillance of its phylogenetic and antigenic characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15102030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T16:58:09Z","timestamp":1696179489000},"page":"2030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sequence-Based Antigenic Analyses of H1 Swine Influenza A Viruses from Colombia (2008\u20132021) Reveals Temporal and Geographical Antigenic Variations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2836-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres F.","family":"Ospina-Jimenez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Microbiolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6460-5162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arlen P.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Microbiolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Rincon-Monroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Microbiolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"},{"name":"National Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA), Bogot\u00e1 110931, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6569-5689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n Colombiana de Porcicultores Porkcolombia\u2014FNP, Bogot\u00e1 111311, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8313-1609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Ramirez-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Microbiolog\u00eda y Epidemiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, March 29). ICTV ICTV 9th Report. Available online: https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/ictv-reports\/ictv_9th_report\/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011\/w\/negrna_viruses\/209\/orthomyxoviridae."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, S., Zhu, X., Li, Y., Shi, M., and Zhang, J. (2013). New World Bats Harbor Diverse Influenza A Viruses. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003657"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-019-1188-7","article-title":"Diversity and Distribution of Type A Influenza Viruses: An Updated Panorama Analysis Based on Protein Sequences","volume":"16","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01059-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01059-18","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of a Distinct Influenza A Virus from Egyptian Bats","volume":"93","author":"Kandeil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(03)00068-0","article-title":"X-ray Structure of the Hemagglutinin of a Potential H3 Avian Progenitor of the 1968 Hong Kong Pandemic Influenza Virus\u2606","volume":"309","author":"Ha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8732","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8732","article-title":"Host and Geographic Barriers Shape the Competition, Coexistence, and Extinction Patterns of Influenza A (H1N1) Viruses","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12217","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12217","article-title":"The Global Antigenic Diversity of Swine Influenza A Viruses","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00275-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00275-16","article-title":"A Phylogeny-Based Global Nomenclature System and Automated Annotation Tool for H1 Hemagglutinin Genes from Swine Influenza A Viruses","volume":"1","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a038737","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038737","article-title":"Swine Influenza A Viruses and the Tangled Relationship with Humans","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Li, H., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Han, G.Z., Chen, H., and Wang, X. (2020). A Unique Feature of Swine ANP32A Provides Susceptibility to Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008330"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelli, R.K., Kuchipudi, S.V., White, G.A., Baquero Perez, B., Dunham, S.P., and Chang, K.-C. (2010). Comparative Distribution of Human and Avian Type Sialic Acid Influenza Receptors in the Pig. BMC Vet. Res., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-6-4"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-434","article-title":"Distribution of Sialic Acid Receptors and Influenza A Virus of Avian and Swine Origin in Experimentally Infected Pigs","volume":"8","author":"Trebbien","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08182","article-title":"Origins and Evolutionary Genomics of the 2009 Swine-Origin H1N1 Influenza A Epidemic","volume":"459","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryt-Hansen, P., Pedersen, A.G., Larsen, I., Kristensen, C.S., Krog, J.S., Wacheck, S., and Larsen, L.E. (2020). Substantial Antigenic Drift in the Hemagglutinin Protein of Swine Influenza A Viruses. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020248"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000800","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence of a Potential A(H1N1)Pdm09 Antigenic Drift Mediated by Escape Mutations in the Haemagglutinin Sa Antigenic Site","volume":"98","author":"Retamal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Vali\u00f1as, \u00c1., Sister\u00e9-Or\u00f3, M., L\u00f3pez-Serrano, S., Baioni, L., Darji, A., Chiapponi, C., Segal\u00e9s, J., Ganges, L., and N\u00fa\u00f1ez, J.I. (2021). Identification and Characterization of Swine Influenza Virus H1n1 Variants Generated in Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated, Challenged Pigs. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13102087"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90135-0","article-title":"The Antigenic Structure of the Influenza Virus A\/PR\/8\/34 Hemagglutinin (H1 Subtype)","volume":"31","author":"Caton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6399","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.20.6399","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies to the Hemagglutinin Sa Antigenic Site of A\/PR\/8\/34 Influenza Virus Distinguish Biologic Mutants of Swine Influenza Virus","volume":"80","author":"Kilbourne","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/289373a0","article-title":"Structural Identification of the Antibody-Binding Sites of Hong Kong Influenza Haemagglutinin and Their Involvement in Antigenic Variation","volume":"289","author":"Wiley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.06.018","article-title":"Comparison of Selection Pressures on the HA Gene of Pandemic (2009) and Seasonal Human and Swine Influenza A H1 Subtype Viruses","volume":"405","author":"Furuse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.006","article-title":"Surveillance of European Domestic Pig Populations Identifies an Emerging Reservoir of Potentially Zoonotic Swine Influenza A Viruses","volume":"28","author":"Henritzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01781-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01781-22","article-title":"Antigenic Characterization and Pandemic Risk Assessment of North American H1 Influenza A Viruses Circulating in Swine","volume":"10","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01374-21","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01374-21","article-title":"Antigenic Distance between North American Swine and Human Seasonal H3N2 Influenza A Viruses as an Indication of Zoonotic Risk to Humans","volume":"96","author":"Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61315-5","article-title":"Antigenic Characterization of Novel H1 Influenza A Viruses in Swine","volume":"10","author":"Tapia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"35","article-title":"Influenza En Porcinos de Antioquia, Colombia","volume":"8","author":"Hanssen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pan Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983304","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.983304","article-title":"Zooming in on the Molecular Characteristics of Swine Influenza Virus Circulating in Colombia before and after the H1N1pdm09 Virus","volume":"9","author":"Gomez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.4236\/health.2012.430150","article-title":"First Isolation and Identification of H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses in Colombian Pig Farms","volume":"4","author":"Correa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.rccp.v35n3a02","article-title":"Use of Oral Fluids for Efficient Monitoring of Influenza Viruses in Swine Herds in Colombia","volume":"35","author":"Ciuoderis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"7013","article-title":"Molecular Evaluation of Influenza A Virus in Swine at Slaughterhouses in Colombia","volume":"23","author":"Vera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. MVZ Cordoba"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34630-w","article-title":"Muscle5: High-Accuracy Alignment Ensembles Enable Unbiased Assessments of Sequence Homology and Phylogeny","volume":"13","author":"Edgar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx281","article-title":"UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation","volume":"35","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, C.S., McCall, P.R., Stern, H.A., Yang, H., and Topham, D.J. (2018). Antigenic Cartography of H1N1 Influenza Viruses Using Sequence-Based Antigenic Distance Calculation. BMC Bioinform., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2042-4"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, D.F., and Smith, D.J. (2014). A Recommended Numbering Scheme for Influenza A HA Subtypes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112302"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.007","article-title":"Imported Pigs May Have Introduced the First Classical Swine Influenza Viruses into Mainland China","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"214","article-title":"The Etiology of Swine Influenza","volume":"73","author":"Shope","year":"1931","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz, A., Perez, A., Sreevatsan, S., Davies, P., Culhane, M., and Torremorell, M. (2015). Association between Influenza A Virus Infection and Pigs Subpopulations in Endemically Infected Breeding Herds. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129213"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00745-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00745-17","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequencing of Influenza A Viruses within Swine Farrow-to-Wean Farms Reveals the Emergence, Persistence, and Subsidence of Diverse Viral Genotypes","volume":"91","author":"Diaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-022-00261-2","article-title":"The Role of Gilts in Transmission Dynamics of Swine Influenza Virus and Impacts of Vaccination Strategies and Quarantine Management","volume":"8","author":"Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.10.008","article-title":"Breed-to-Wean Farm Factors Associated with Influenza A Virus Infection in Piglets at Weaning","volume":"161","author":"Schelkopf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markin, A., Zanella, G.C., Arendsee, Z.W., Zhang, J., Krueger, K.M., Gauger, P.C., Baker, A.L.V., and Anderson, T.K. (2022). Reverse-Zoonoses of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza A Viruses and Evolution in United States Swine Results in Viruses with Zoonotic Potential. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.15.520479"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.044974-0","article-title":"Global Transmission of Influenza Viruses from Humans to Swine","volume":"93","author":"Nelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-013-0927-x","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of Thai Swine Influenza Viruses after the Introduction of Pandemic H1N1 2009","volume":"47","author":"Charoenvisal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00988-18","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Distribution and Evolution of the A\/H1N1 2009 Pandemic Influenza Virus in Pigs in France from 2009 to 2017: Identification of a Potential Swine-Specific Lineage","volume":"92","author":"Chastagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.02.016","article-title":"Influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 Virus Infection in Norwegian Swine Herds 2009\/10: The Risk of Human to Swine Transmission","volume":"110","author":"Er","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.091230","article-title":"Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Outbreak on Pig Farm, Argentina","volume":"16","author":"Pereda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.08.021","article-title":"Influenza A Virus Infection in Brazilian Swine Herds Following the Introduction of Pandemic 2009 H1N1","volume":"180","author":"Schaefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, M., Spiro, D., Wentworth, D., Fan, J., Beck, E., St. George, K., Ghedin, E., Halpin, R., Bera, J., and Hine, E. (2009). The Early Diversification of Influenza A\/H1N1pdm. PLoS Curr., 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/currents.RRN1126"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"37","article-title":"The Hemagglutinin of the Influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 Is Mutating towards Stability","volume":"7","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Bioinform. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, E.Y., Serohijos, A.W.R., Choi, J.M., Shakhnovich, E.I., and Pekosz, A. (2014). Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic Strain Evolution\u2014Divergence and the Potential for Antigenic Drift Variants. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093632"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, P., Jang, Y.H., Kwon, S.B., Lee, C.M., Han, G., and Seong, B.L. (2018). Glycosylation of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase of Influenza A Virus as Signature for Ecological Spillover and Adaptation among Influenza Reservoirs. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040183"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, S., Wang, Q., Zhao, F., Chen, W., and Li, Z. (2011). Glycosylation Site Alteration in the Evolution of Influenza A (H1N1) Viruses. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022844"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decker, C.H., Rapier-Sharman, N., and Pickett, B.E. (2022). Mutation in Hemagglutinin Antigenic Sites in Influenza A PH1N1 Viruses from 2015\u20132019 in the United States Mountain West, Europe, and the Northern Hemisphere. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13050909"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25565","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of the Influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 Isolates Collected in the 2015-2016 Season and Comparison of HA Mutations Detected in Turkey since 2009","volume":"91","author":"Guldemir","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04869-z","article-title":"Molecular Evolution and Characterization of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase of Influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 Viruses Isolated in Beijing, China, during the 2017\u20132018 and 2018\u20132019 Influenza Seasons","volume":"166","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_925_18","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 Viruses Circulating at Various Geographical Locations in India, 2017","volume":"149","author":"Potdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zolotarova, O., Mironenko, A., Budzanivska, I., Leibenko, L., and Radchenko, L. (2019). Antigenic Site Variation in the Hemagglutinin of Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)Pdm09 Viruses between 2009\u20132017 in Ukraine. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040194"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00204-19","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00204-19","article-title":"Human Influenza a Virus Hemagglutinin Glycan Evolution Follows a Temporal Pattern to a Glycan Limit","volume":"10","author":"Altman","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-6-207","article-title":"From Where Did the 2009 \u201cswine-Origin\u201d Influenza A Virus (H1N1) Emerge?","volume":"6","author":"Gibbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1616-8","article-title":"Antigenic Variation of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 Swine Influenza Viruses in Japan and Vietnam","volume":"158","author":"Takemae","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00971-22","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00971-22","article-title":"Immune Escape Adaptive Mutations in Hemagglutinin Are Responsible for the Antigenic Drift of Eurasian Avian-Like H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses","volume":"96","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"e236","article-title":"A Single Amino Acid at Position 158 in Haemagglutinin Affects the Antigenic Property of Eurasian Avian-like H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02565-08","article-title":"Different Evolutionary Trajectories of European Avian-Like and Classical Swine H1N1 Influenza A Viruses","volume":"83","author":"Dunham","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/10\/2030\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:02:48Z","timestamp":1760130168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/15\/10\/2030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v15102030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15102030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]}}}