{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:34:31Z","timestamp":1760150071897,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of a certain group of auto-antibodies (AAbs) is known to correlate with the severity of COVID-19. It is, however, unknown if such AAbs are prevalent and impact COVID-19-related outcomes in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) who are immunosuppressed. We performed a retrospective study of LTRs with COVID-19 and analyzed samples before and after COVID-19 for IgG AAbs. AAbs analysis was carried out using autoimmune and coronavirus microarray and the resulting cross-sectional differences in Ab-scores and clinical variables were analyzed using Fischer\u2019s Exact test for categorical variables and a paired t-test for continuous variables. Linear regression was used to analyze the differences in Ab-scores and COVID-19 severity. LTRs with non-severe [NS gp (n = 10)], and severe [S gp (n = 8)] COVID-19 disease were included. Ferritin and acute respiratory failure were higher in the S group (p = 0.03; p &lt; 0.0001). Among the AAbs analyzed, interferon-related AAbs (IFN-alpha2, IFN-beta, IFN lamba, IFN-epsilon), eight interleukin-related AAbs, and several tissue-related AAbs were also found to be changed significantly from pre- to post-COVID-19 (p &lt; 0.05). IFN-lambda (p = 0.03) and IL-22 (p = 0.002) were significantly associated with COVID-19 severity and remained significant in linear regression analysis while controlling for other variables. AAbs are common in LTRs, and certain groups of antibodies are particularly enhanced in LTRs with severe COVID-19. Preliminary observations of this study need to be confirmed by a larger sample size.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15102045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T09:43:01Z","timestamp":1696326181000},"page":"2045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Crossroads between Autoimmunity and COVID-19 in Lung Transplant Recipients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Madhusudhanan","family":"Narasimhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alagarraju","family":"Muthukumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kavithalakshmi","family":"Sataranatarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lenin","family":"Mahimainathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Mahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Timofte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Bollineni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Joerns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter O\u2019Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Banga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Mohanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohanakumar","family":"Thalachallour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph\u2019s Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaidehi","family":"Kaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16364","article-title":"COVID-19 in lung transplant recipients: A multicenter study","volume":"21","author":"Berastegui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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