{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:07:01Z","timestamp":1790341621560,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Egg Farmers of Canada"},{"name":"Results Driven Agriculture Research"},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian pathogenic Escherichia\u00a0coli (APEC), such as O1, O2 and O78, are important serogroups relating to chicken health, being responsible for colibacillosis. In this study, we isolated and characterized bacteriophages (phages) from hen feces and human sewage in Alberta with the potential for controlling colibacillosis in laying hens. The lytic profile, host range, pH tolerance and morphology of seven APEC-infecting phages (ASO1A, ASO1B, ASO2A, ASO78A, ASO2B, AVIO78A and ASO78B) were assessed using a microplate phage virulence assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The potential safety of phages at the genome level was predicted using AMRFinderPlus and the Virulence Factor Database. Finally, phage genera and genetic relatedness with other known phages from the NCBI GenBank database were inferred using the virus intergenomic distance calculator and single gene-based phylogenetic trees. The seven APEC-infecting phages preferentially lysed APEC strains in this study, with ECL21443 (O2) being the most susceptible to phages (n = 5). ASO78A had the broadest host range, lysing all tested strains (n = 5) except ECL20885 (O1). Phages were viable at a pH of 2.5 or 3.5\u20139.0 after 4 h of incubation. Based on TEM, phages were classed as myovirus, siphovirus and podovirus. No genes associated with virulence, antimicrobial resistance or lysogeny were detected in phage genomes. Comparative genomic analysis placed six of the seven phages in five genera: Felixounavirus (ASO1A and ASO1B), Phapecoctavirus (ASO2A), Tequatrovirus (ASO78A), Kayfunavirus (ASO2B) and Sashavirus (AVIO78A). Based on the nucleotide intergenomic similarity (&lt;70%), phage ASO78B was not assigned a genus in the siphovirus and could represent a new genus in class Caudoviricetes. The tail fiber protein phylogeny revealed variations within APEC-infecting phages and closely related phages. Diverse APEC-infecting phages harbored in the environment demonstrate the potential to control colibacillosis in poultry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15102095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T10:06:36Z","timestamp":1697450796000},"page":"2095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages Infecting Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli O1, O2 and O78 Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kat R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel W.","family":"Bumunang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1375-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared","family":"Schlechte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Waldner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany","family":"Anany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Research and Development Centre, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8784-0042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim","family":"Stanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1M4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Fairbrother","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor W.","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8266-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim A.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Faizal","family":"Abdul-Careem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4483-5734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan D.","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.08.001","article-title":"Characterisation of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) associated with colisepticaemia compared to faecal isolates from healthy birds","volume":"110","author":"McPeake","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. 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