{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T16:17:04Z","timestamp":1764519424320,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Research Foundation under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy","award":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"]}]},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium","award":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"]}]},{"name":"Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung","award":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012353","name":"Deutsche Krebshilfe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012353","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","award":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF 16LW0005","2020\/01DP21014","WA 4608\/1-2","EXC2180-390900677","2016.177.3","70114948"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 has spread worldwide, causing millions of deaths and leaving a significant proportion of people with long-term sequelae of COVID-19 (\u201cpost-COVID syndrome\u201d). Whereas the precise mechanism of post-COVID syndrome is still unknown, the immune response after the first infection may play a role. Here, we performed a long-term follow-up analysis of 110 COVID-19 convalescents, analyzing the first SARS-CoV-2-directed immune response, vaccination status, long-term symptoms (approximately 2.5 years after first infection), and reinfections. A total of 96% of convalescents were vaccinated at least once against SARS-CoV-2 after their first infection. A reinfection rate of 47% was observed, and lower levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies after the first infection were shown to associate with reinfection. While T-cell responses could not be clearly associated with persistent postinfectious symptoms, convalescents with long-term symptoms showed elevated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels at the first infection. Evaluating the immune response after the first infection might be a useful tool for identifying individuals with increased risk for re-infections and long-term symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15102100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T08:10:19Z","timestamp":1697530219000},"page":"2100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-Term Follow-Up of COVID-19 Convalescents\u2014Immune Response Associated with Reinfection Rate and Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Seller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Str. 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Calwerstra\u00dfe 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Str. 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hackenbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Str. 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Str. 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6404-7391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliane S.","family":"Walz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Str. 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Str. 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) \u201cImage-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies\u201d, University of T\u00fcbingen, R\u00f6ntgenweg 11, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8504-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Nelde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Str. 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) \u201cImage-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies\u201d, University of T\u00fcbingen, R\u00f6ntgenweg 11, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas S.","family":"Heitmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Str. 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Otfried-M\u00fcller-Str. 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) \u201cImage-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies\u201d, University of T\u00fcbingen, R\u00f6ntgenweg 11, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, March 07). 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