{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:41:39Z","timestamp":1792442499393,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2022NSFSC0073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0073"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["XM2023012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XM2023012"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["16011211013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16011211013"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["320022330082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320022330082"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Mizu University Double World-Class Project","award":["2022NSFSC0073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0073"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Mizu University Double World-Class Project","award":["XM2023012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XM2023012"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Mizu University Double World-Class Project","award":["16011211013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16011211013"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Mizu University Double World-Class Project","award":["320022330082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320022330082"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Mizu University Research Startup Funds","award":["2022NSFSC0073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0073"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Mizu University Research Startup Funds","award":["XM2023012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XM2023012"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Mizu University Research Startup Funds","award":["16011211013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16011211013"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Mizu University Research Startup Funds","award":["320022330082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320022330082"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Minzu University Innovation and entrepreneurship training program for undergraduates","award":["2022NSFSC0073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC0073"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Minzu University Innovation and entrepreneurship training program for undergraduates","award":["XM2023012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XM2023012"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Minzu University Innovation and entrepreneurship training program for undergraduates","award":["16011211013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16011211013"]}]},{"name":"Southwest Minzu University Innovation and entrepreneurship training program for undergraduates","award":["320022330082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["320022330082"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both Manganese (Mn2+) and MSA-2 can activate the downstream signal pathway through stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and induce the expression of type I interferon, which is important for hosts to protect against DNA viruses. However, its effect on RNA viruses remains unknown. In this study, we used Seneca Valley virus (SVV) as a model RNA virus to investigate the inhibitory effects of Mn2+ and MSA-2 on the virus replication in the porcine cells (PK-15 cells). The results showed that both MSA-2 and Mn2+ were able to inhibit the SVV replication in PK-15 cells. The combination of MAS-2 and Mn2+ could confer better protection against SVV. Further studies showed that MSA-2 and Mn2+ could activate TBK1, IRF3 and NF\u03baB through STING and induce the expression of IFN-\u03b2, IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1. The present study confirmed that MSA-2 synergized with Mn2+ in STING activation to generate a better antiviral effect in vitro, which would be helpful for the further development of effective antiviral drugs in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:29:01Z","timestamp":1698128941000},"page":"2138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Non-Nucleotide STING Agonist MSA-2 Synergized with Manganese in Enhancing STING Activation to Elicit Potent Anti-RNA Virus Activity in the Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hanrui","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyi","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinqian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiongting","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingsong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2369-6058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2186-7661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhidong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine of Sichuan Province, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2022.101206","article-title":"RNA viruses and the cGAS-STING pathway: Reframing our understanding of innate immune sensing","volume":"53","author":"Webb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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