{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T02:04:26Z","timestamp":1784081066441,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a significant health concern affecting numerous expectant mothers across the globe. CMV is the leading cause of health problems and developmental delays among infected infants. Notably, this study examines CMV infection in pregnancy, its management, prevention mechanisms, and treatment options. Methods: Specifically, information from the Cochrane Library, PUBMED, Wiley Online, Science Direct, and Taylor Francis databases were reviewed along with additional records identified through the register, the Google Scholar search engine. Based on the search, 21 articles were identified for systematic review. Results: A total of six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were utilized for a meta-analytic review. As heterogeneity was substantial, the random effects model was used for meta-analysis. Utilizing the random-effects model, the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) approach, the estimate of effect size (d = \u22120.479, 95% CI = \u22120.977 to 0.019, p = 0.060) suggests the results are not statistically significant, so it cannot be inferred that the prevention methods used were effective, despite an inverse relationship between treatment and number of infected cases. The findings indicated that several techniques are used to prevent, diagnose, and manage CMV infection during pregnancy, including proper hygiene, ultrasound examination (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), amniocentesis, viremia, hyperimmunoglobulin (HIG), and valacyclovir (VACV). Conclusions: The current review has significant implications for addressing CMV infection in pregnancy. Specifically, it provides valuable findings on contemporary management interventions to prevent and treat CMV infection among expectant mothers. Therefore, it allows relevant stakeholders to address these critical health concerns and understand the effectiveness of the proposed prevention and treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T11:34:47Z","timestamp":1698147287000},"page":"2142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy Prevention and Treatment Options: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Magda","family":"Rybak-Krzyszkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology University Hospital, 30-551 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Hi-Gen Centrum Medyczne, 30-552 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"G\u00f3recka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology University Hospital, 30-551 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Huras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-551 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2951-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Massalska-Wolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Gynecology, University Hospital, 30-551 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Sta\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology University Hospital, 30-551 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6590-5797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Gach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"Kondracka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Staniczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"G\u00f3rczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Ward, Independent Public Health Care Facility \u201cBl. Marta Wiecka County Hospital\u201d, 32-700 Bochnia, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Borowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Combined Hospital in Kielce, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2830-0633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Jaczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Grzesiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Krzeszowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Salve Medica, 91-210 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.02.018","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection during Pregnancy: State of the Science","volume":"223","author":"Foulon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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