{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T16:28:30Z","timestamp":1775147310765,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31873015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31873015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TD2023C007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD2023C007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31873015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31873015"]}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["TD2023C007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD2023C007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a recently discovered and very divergent species of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae, which causes congenital tremor (CT) in newborn piglets. In this study, an APPV epidemiological investigation was conducted by studying 975 swine samples (562 tissue and 413 serum samples) collected from different parts of China from 2017 to 2021. The results revealed that the overall positive rate of the APPV genome was 7.08% (69\/975), among which 50.7% (35\/69) of the samples tested positive for one or more other common swine viruses, especially porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) with a coinfection rate of 36.2% (25\/69). Subsequently, a novel APPV strain, named China\/HLJ491\/2017, was isolated in porcine kidney (PK)-15 cells for the first time from a weaned piglet that was infected with both APPV and PCV2. The new APPV isolate was confirmed by RT-PCR, sequencing, immunofluorescence assay, and transmission electron microscopy. After clearing PCV2, a pure APPV strain was obtained and further stably propagated in PK-15 cells for more than 30 passages. Full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the China\/HLJ491\/2017 strain was classified as genotype 2, sharing 80.8 to 97.6% of its nucleotide identity with previously published APPV strains. In conclusion, this study enhanced our knowledge of this new pestivirus and the successful isolation of the APPV strain provides critical material for the investigation of the biological and pathogenic properties of this emerging virus, as well as the development of vaccines and diagnostic reagents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T06:19:58Z","timestamp":1698214798000},"page":"2149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus Emerging in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhui","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaocheng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaoer","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-5687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua-Ji","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2004.09.010","article-title":"Characterization of a novel pestivirus originating from a pronghorn antelope","volume":"108","author":"Vilcek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.05.002","article-title":"Identification of a novel virus in pigs\u2014Bungowannah virus: A possible new species of pestivirus","volume":"129","author":"Kirkland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01933-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01933-14","article-title":"Detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal Rattus norvegicus in New York City","volume":"5","author":"Firth","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000873","article-title":"Proposed revision to the taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae","volume":"98","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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