{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:12:02Z","timestamp":1792509122104,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill\u2013Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-010668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-010668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill\u2013Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP17fk0108122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17fk0108122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill\u2013Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20fk0108139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20fk0108139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill\u2013Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23fk0108667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill\u2013Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23fk0108683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["INV-010668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-010668"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP17fk0108122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17fk0108122"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP20fk0108139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20fk0108139"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP23fk0108667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108667"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)","award":["JP23fk0108683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23fk0108683"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rotavirus (RV), norovirus (NoV), sapovirus (SaV), and human astrovirus (HAstV) are the most common viral causes of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. From 2016 to 2021, we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study to determine the prevalence of these viruses in hospitalized children under five years old in Nam Dinh and Thua Thien Hue provinces in Vietnam during the pilot introduction of the RV vaccine, Rotavin-M1 (POLYVAC, Hanoi, Vietnam). We randomly selected 2317\/6718 (34%) acute diarrheal samples from children &lt;5 years of age enrolled at seven sentinel hospitals from December 2016 to May 2021; this period included one year surveillance pre-vaccination from December 2016 to November 2017. An ELISA kit (Premier Rotaclone\u00ae, Meridian Bioscience, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) was used to detect RV, and two multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays were used for the detection of NoV, SaV and HAstV. The prevalence of RV (single infection) was reduced from 41.6% to 22.7% (p &lt; 0.0001) between pre- and post-vaccination periods, while the single NoV infection prevalence more than doubled from 8.8% to 21.8% (p &lt; 0.0001). The SaV and HAstV prevalences slightly increased from 1.9% to 3.4% (p = 0.03) and 2.1% to 3.3% (p = 0.09), respectively, during the same period. Viral co-infections decreased from 7.2% to 6.0% (p = 0.24), mainly due to a reduction in RV infection. Among the genotypeable samples, NoV GII.4, SaV GI.1, and HAstV-1 were the dominant types, representing 57.3%, 32.1%, and 55.0% among the individual viral groups, respectively. As the prevalence of RV decreases following the national RV vaccine introduction in Vietnam, other viral pathogens account for a larger proportion of the remaining diarrhea burden and require continuing close monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T11:18:52Z","timestamp":1698405532000},"page":"2164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence and Characterization of Gastroenteritis Viruses among Hospitalized Children during a Pilot Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chu Thi Ngoc","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le Thi Khanh","family":"Ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6782-3541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen Hai","family":"Doan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5224-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoichiro","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le Thi Phuong","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Tu","family":"Quyet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tran Ngoc Phuong","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vu Dinh","family":"Thiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lai Tuan","family":"Anh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nam Dinh Center for Disease Control, Nam Dinh 420000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Van Sanh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TT Hue Center for Disease Control, Hue, Thua Thien Hue 530000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3339-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Dang","family":"Hien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Production of Vaccines and Biologicals, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dang Duc","family":"Anh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh D.","family":"Parashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline E.","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen","family":"Van Trang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39036.406169.80","article-title":"Acute Gastroenteritis in Children","volume":"334","author":"Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa081","article-title":"Global Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Diarrhea Hospitalizations and Deaths among Children <5 Years Old: 2006\u20132019","volume":"222","author":"Burnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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